领导丛林盘根错节,需要回归领导影响力的本质——领导有效性,而有效性的高低在一定程度上依赖于领导者对情感的运用。本文详细梳理了西方有关领导者情感的研究,通过介绍领导者情感的内涵、发展历程、作用模型以及其对领导者本身和下属的影响效应,让国内研究者对其有比较全面的认识,同时也发现目前西方研究所存在的空白之处:(1)领导者消极情感在什么情境下有消极作用?然后什么情境下有积极作用?(2)领导者情感的影响因素有哪些方面?(3)领导者情感临场感的实证研究非常少。本文有助于丰富领导领域的情感视角,以吸引更多研究者关注领导者情感在领导者—下属交换中所发挥的作用。
领导者情感的研究述评
摘要
参考文献
1 Ames D R, Johar G V. I’ll know what you’re like when I see how you feel: How and when affective displays influence behavior-based impressions[J]. Psychological Science, 2009, 20(5): 586–593. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02330.x
2 Anderson C, Keltner D, John O P. Emotional convergence between people over time[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2003, 84(5): 1054–1068. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.1054
3 Awamleh R, Gardner W L. Perceptions of leader charisma and effectiveness: The effects of vision content, delivery, and organizational performance[J]. The Leadership Quarterly, 1999, 10(3): 345–373. DOI:10.1016/S1048-9843(99)00022-3
4 Barnes C M, Guarana C L, Nauman S, et al. Too tired to inspire or be inspired: Sleep deprivation and charismatic leadership[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2016, 101(8): 1191–1199. DOI:10.1037/apl0000123
5 Baron R A. Negative effects of destructive criticism: Impact on conflict, self-efficacy, and task performance[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1988, 73(2): 199–207. DOI:10.1037/0021-9010.73.2.199
6 Bass B M. Leadership and performance beyond expectations[M]. New York, NY: Free Press, 1985.
7 Bass B M. Transformational leadership: Industrial, military, and educational impact[M]. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1998.
8 Bono J E, Ilies R. Charisma, positive emotions and mood contagion[J]. The Leadership Quarterly, 2006, 17(4): 317–334. DOI:10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.04.008
9 Brief A P, Weiss H M. Organizational behavior: Affect in the workplace[J]. Annual Review of Psychology, 2002, 53: 279–307. DOI:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135156
10 Brown M E, Treviño L K. Ethical leadership: A review and future directions[J]. The Leadership Quarterly, 2006, 17(6): 595–616. DOI:10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.10.004
11 Cacioppo J T, Gardner W L. Emotion[J]. Annual Review of Psychology, 1999, 50: 191–214. DOI:10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.191
12 Cherulnik P D, Donley K A, Wiewel T S R, et al. Charisma is contagious: The effect of leaders’ charisma on observers’ affect[J]. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2001, 31(10): 2149–2159. DOI:10.1111/jasp.2001.31.issue-10
13 Chi N W, Chung Y Y, Tsai W C. How do happy leaders enhance team success? The mediating roles of transformational leadership, group affective tone, and team process[J]. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2011, 41(6): 1421–1454. DOI:10.1111/jasp.2011.41.issue-6
14 Conger J A, Kanungo R N. Charismatic leadership in organizations[M]. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 1998.
15 Damasio A R. Descartes’ error: Emotion, reason and the human brain[M]. New York: Grosset/Putnam, 1994.
16 Damen F, Van Knippenberg D, Van Knippenberg B. Leader affective displays and attributions of charisma: The role of arousal[J]. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2008, 38(10): 2594–2614. DOI:10.1111/jasp.2008.38.issue-10
17 Den Hartog D N, De Hoogh A H B, Keegan A E. The interactive effects of belongingness and charisma on helping and compliance[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2007, 92(4): 1131–1139. DOI:10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.1131
18 Detert J R, Burris E R. Leadership behavior and employee voice: Is the door really open?[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2007, 50(4): 869–884. DOI:10.5465/AMJ.2007.26279183
19 Eisenkraft N, Elfenbein H A. The way you make me feel: Evidence for individual differences in affective presence[J]. Psychological Science, 2010, 21(4): 505–510. DOI:10.1177/0956797610364117
20 Elfenbein H A. Emotion in organizations: A review and theoretical integration[J]. The Academy of Management Annals, 2007, 1(1): 315–386. DOI:10.1080/078559812
21 Erez A, Misangyi V F, Johnson D E, et al. Stirring the hearts of followers: Charismatic leadership as the transferal of affect[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2008, 93(3): 602–616. DOI:10.1037/0021-9010.93.3.602
22 Fiedler F E. A theory of leadership effectiveness[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967.
23 Filipowicz A, Barsade S, Melwani S. Understanding emotional transitions: the interpersonal consequences of changing emotions in negotiations[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2011, 101(3): 541–556. DOI:10.1037/a0023545
24 Fischer A H, Roseman I J. Beat them or ban them: The characteristics and social functions of anger and contempt[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2007, 93(1): 103–115. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.93.1.103
25 Fisk G M, Friesen J P. Perceptions of leader emotion regulation and LMX as predictors of followers’ job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviors[J]. The Leadership Quarterly, 2012, 23(1): 1–12. DOI:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.11.001
26 Forgas J P. Mood and judgment: The affect infusion model(AIM)[J]. Psychological Bulletin, 1995, 117(1): 39–66. DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.117.1.39
27 Forgas J P. Handbook of affect and social cognition[M]. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2001.
28 Forgas J P, Bower G H. Mood effects on person-perception judgments[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1987, 53(1): 53–60. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.53.1.53
29 Forgas J P, George J M. Affective influences on judgments and behavior in organizations: An information processing perspective[J]. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2001, 86(1): 3–34. DOI:10.1006/obhd.2001.2971
30 Frijda N H. The emotions[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
31 Gaddis B, Connelly S, Mumford M D. Failure feedback as an affective event: Influences of leader affect on subordinate attitudes and performance[J]. The Leadership Quarterly, 2004, 15(5): 663–686. DOI:10.1016/j.leaqua.2004.05.011
32 George J M. State or trait: Effects of positive mood on prosocial behaviors at work[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1991, 76(2): 299–307. DOI:10.1037/0021-9010.76.2.299
33 George J M. Leader positive mood and group performance: The case of customer service[J]. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1995, 25(9): 778–794. DOI:10.1111/jasp.1995.25.issue-9
34 George J M, Bettenhausen K. Understanding prosocial behavior, sales performance, and turnover: A group-level analysis in a service context[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1990, 75(6): 698–709. DOI:10.1037/0021-9010.75.6.698
35 Ghiselli E E. Exploration in managerial talent[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971.
36 Grandey A A. Emotional regulation in the workplace: A new way to conceptualize emotional labor[J]. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 2000, 5(1): 95–110. DOI:10.1037/1076-8998.5.1.95
37 Grandey A A. When " the show must go on”: Surface acting and deep acting as determinants of emotional exhaustion and peer-rated service delivery[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2003, 46(1): 86–96. DOI:10.2307/30040678
38 Hatfield E, Cacioppo J T, Rapson R L. Emotional contagion[M]. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
39 House R J. A 1976 theory of charismatic leadership[A]. Hunt J G, Larsen L L. Leadership: The cutting edge[M]. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1977: 189–207.
40 House R J, Spangler W D, Woycke J. Personality and charisma in the U.S. presidency: A psychological theory of leader effectiveness[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1991, 36(3): 364–396. DOI:10.2307/2393201
41 Humphrey R H, Pollack J M, Hawver T. Leading with emotional labor[J]. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 2008, 23(2): 151–168. DOI:10.1108/02683940810850790
42 Jacquart P, Antonakis J. When does charisma matter for top-level leaders? Effect of attributional ambiguity[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2015, 58(4): 1051–1074. DOI:10.5465/amj.2012.0831
43 Johnson S K. I second that emotion: Effects of emotional contagion and affect at work on leader and follower outcomes[J]. The Leadership Quarterly, 2008, 19(1): 1–19. DOI:10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.12.001
44 Kelly J R, Barsade S G. Mood and emotions in small groups and work teams[J]. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2001, 86(1): 99–130. DOI:10.1006/obhd.2001.2974
45 Keltner D, Haidt J. Social functions of emotions at four levels of analysis[J]. Cognition and Emotion, 1999, 13(5): 505–521. DOI:10.1080/026999399379168
46 Kerr R, Garvin J, Heaton N, et al. Emotional intelligence and leadership effectiveness[J]. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 2006, 27(4): 265–279.
47 Kish-Gephart J J, Detert J R, Treviño L K, et al. Silenced by fear: The nature, sources, and consequences of fear at work[J]. Research in Organizational Behavior, 2009, 29: 163–193. DOI:10.1016/j.riob.2009.07.002
48 Klinnert M D, Campos J J, Sorce J F, et al. Emotions as behavior regulators: Social referencing in infancy[A]. Plutchink R, Kellerman H. Emotion: Theory, research and experience[M]. New York: Academic Press, 1983: 57–68.
49 Knutson B. Facial expressions of emotion influence interpersonal trait inferences[J]. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 1996, 20(3): 165–182. DOI:10.1007/BF02281954
50 Koning L F, Van Kleef G A. How leaders’ emotional displays shape followers’ organizational citizenship behavior[J]. The Leadership Quarterly, 2015, 26(4): 489–501. DOI:10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.03.001
51 Krasikova D V, Green S G, LeBreton J M. Destructive leadership: A theoretical review, integration, and future research agenda[J]. Journal of Management, 2013, 39(5): 1308–1338. DOI:10.1177/0149206312471388
52 Lazarus R S. Emotion and adaptation[M]. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
53 LeDoux J E. The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life[M]. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
54 Lester S W, Meglino B M, Korsgaard M A. The antecedents and consequences of group potency: A longitudinal investigation of newly formed work groups[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2002, 45(2): 352–368. DOI:10.2307/3069351
55 Lewis K M. When leaders display emotion: How followers respond to negative emotional expression of male and female leaders[J]. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2000, 21(2): 221–234. DOI:10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1379
56 Liang J, Farh C I C, Farh J L. Psychological antecedents of promotive and prohibitive voice: A two-wave examination [J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2012, 55(1): 71–92. DOI:10.5465/amj.2010.0176
57 Liu W, Song Z L, Li X, et al. Why and when leaders’ affective states influence employee upward voice[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2017, 60(1): 238–263. DOI:10.5465/amj.2013.1082
58 Lord R G, Day D V, Zaccaro S J, et al. Leadership in applied psychology: Three waves of theory and research[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2017, 102(3): 434–451. DOI:10.1037/apl0000089
59 Lowe K B, Kroeck K G, Sivasubramaniam N. Effectiveness correlates of transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic review of the MLQ literature[J]. The Leadership Quarterly, 1996, 7(3): 385–425. DOI:10.1016/S1048-9843(96)90027-2
60 Madrid H P, Totterdell P, Niven K, et al. Leader affective presence and innovation in teams[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2016, 101(5): 673–686. DOI:10.1037/apl0000078
61 Magee J C, Galinsky A D. 8 social hierarchy: The self‐reinforcing nature of power and status[J]. The Academy of Management Annals, 2008, 2(1): 351–398. DOI:10.1080/19416520802211628
62 Miron-Spektor E, Efrat-Treister D, Rafaeli A, et al. Others’ anger makes people work harder not smarter: The effect of observing anger and sarcasm on creative and analytic thinking[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2011, 96(5): 1065–1075. DOI:10.1037/a0023593
64 Niven K, Totterdell P, Holman D. A classification of controlled interpersonal affect regulation strategies[J]. Emotion, 2009, 9(4): 498–509. DOI:10.1037/a0015962
65 Oatley K, Jenkins J M. Understanding emotions[M]. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1996.
66 Owens B P, Hekman D R. Modeling how to grow: An inductive examination of humble leader behaviors, contingencies, and outcomes[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2012, 55(4): 787–818. DOI:10.5465/amj.2010.0441
68 Raub S, Robert C. Differential effects of empowering leadership on in-role and extra-role employee behaviors: Exploring the role of psychological empowerment and power values[J]. Human Relations, 2010, 63(11): 1743–1770. DOI:10.1177/0018726710365092
70 Rubin R S, Munz D C, Bommer W H. Leading from within: The effects of emotion recognition and personality on transformational leadership behavior[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2005, 48(5): 845–858. DOI:10.5465/AMJ.2005.18803926
71 Russell J A, Barrett L F. Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: Dissecting the elephant[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1999, 76(5): 805–819. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.805
72 Scherer K R. Vocal affect expression: A review and a model for future research[J]. Psychological Bulletin, 1986, 99(2): 143–165. DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.99.2.143
73 Schwarz N, Clore G L. Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1983, 45(3): 513–523. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.45.3.513
74 Settoon R P, Bennett N, Liden R C. Social exchange in organizations: Perceived organizational support, leader–member exchange, and employee reciprocity[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1996, 81(3): 219–227. DOI:10.1037/0021-9010.81.3.219
75 Stogdill R M, Shartle C L. Methods for determining patterns of leadership behavior in relation to organization structure and objectives[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1948, 32(3): 286–291. DOI:10.1037/h0057264
76 Strack F, Martin L L, Stepper S. Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: A nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1988, 54(5): 768–777. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.768
77 Sy T, Côté S, Saavedra R. The contagious leader: Impact of the leader’s mood on the mood of group members, group affective tone, and group processes[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2005, 90(2): 295–305. DOI:10.1037/0021-9010.90.2.295
78 Van Kleef G A, De Dreu C K W, Manstead A S R. The interpersonal effects of emotions in negotiations: A motivated information processing approach[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2004, 87(4): 510–528. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.87.4.510
79 Van Kleef G A, De Dreu C K, Manstead A S R. An interpersonal approach to emotion in social decision making: The emotions as social information model[J]. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2010, 42: 45–96. DOI:10.1016/S0065-2601(10)42002-X
80 Van Kleef G A, Homan A C, Beersma B, et al. Searing sentiment or cold calculation? The effects of leader emotional displays on team performance depend on follower epistemic motivation[J]. The Academy of Management Journal, 2009, 52(3): 562–580. DOI:10.5465/AMJ.2009.41331253
81 Van Knippenberg D, Kooij-De Bode H J M, Van Ginkel W P. The interactive effects of mood and trait negative affect in group decision making[J]. Organization Science, 2010, 21(3): 731–744. DOI:10.1287/orsc.1090.0461
82 Van Knippenberg D, Van Kleef G A. Leadership and affect: Moving the hearts and minds of followers[J]. The Academy of Management Annals, 2016, 10(1): 799–840. DOI:10.1080/19416520.2016.1160515
83 Watson D, Clark L A. Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states[J]. Psychological Bulletin, 1984, 96(3): 465–490. DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.96.3.465
84 Watson D, Clark L A, Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1988, 54(6): 1063–1070. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
85 Weisinger H. The critical edge: How to criticize up and down your organization, and make it pay off[M]. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1989.
87 Wowak A J, Mannor M J, Arrfelt M, et al. Earthquake or glacier? How CEO charisma manifests in firm strategy over time[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2016, 37(3): 586–603. DOI:10.1002/smj.2016.37.issue-3
88 Zajonc R B. Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences[J]. American Psychologist, 1980, 35(2): 151–175. DOI:10.1037/0003-066X.35.2.151
引用本文
冯镜铭, 刘善仕. 领导者情感的研究述评[J]. 外国经济与管理, 2018, 40(2): 93-104.
导出参考文献,格式为: