Corporate brand value is the most important intangible asset of an enterprise. The proposal and implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative has created a historical opportunity for Chinese corporate brands to “go global”. In this process, Chinese enterprises have continuously improved their brand value and enhanced their international competitiveness. However, few studies focus on the impact of the Belt and Road Initiative on Chinese enterprises from the perspective of corporate brand. This paper uses the data of China’s A-share listed companies from 2010 to 2021 to study and evaluate the effect and mechanism of the Belt and Road Initiative on the promotion of corporate brand value through the Time-varying DID method. The results show that the participation of enterprises in the Belt and Road Initiative significantly promote corporate brand value, in which the economic value of international operation and the social value of corporate social responsibility play an important intermediary role. At the same time, the promotion of corporate brand value has a spatial spillover effect, which shows a trend of first inhibiting, then promoting, and then inhibiting other surrounding enterprises with the increase of geographical distance. In addition, the scale, ownership, location, and industry of the enterprise also have varying impacts on the promotion of corporate brand value. The conclusions not only provide empirical support for the implementation effect of the Belt and Road Initiative on corporate brand value at the enterprise level, but also provide explanations and references from the Belt and Road Initiative for the reasons why the brand value of Chinese enterprises has been increasing in recent years.