10961 
11010《外国经济与管理》创刊40周年之际，也是当代国际主流的战略管理研究社区创立40年的里程碑时刻。回顾过去，瞻望未来，以企业经营绩效为基准和行文主线，本文力求较为详尽地回顾战略管理学领域的演进历程和研究风貌，聚焦于考察其研究专题，兼及相关的理论视角和研究方法。本文首先探讨战略管理领域的使命、核心问题以及边界划定，然后分别梳理和总结不同的因素对于企业绩效这一终极因变量的影响。这些因素包括企业的外部环境、企业的自身特点、高管团队的构成与动态、企业战略管理的方式与过程以及企业战略的内容与形态。虽然战略管理研究取得了巨大的成就，但由于其问题导向的学科特质和发展历程相对较短，它与较为成熟的所谓范式性的学科状态依然相去甚远。它的包容性和开放性将会不断吸引新的学者进入。无论是研究专题还是研究方法，都将会有进一步的细分与融合。这也是未来研究者贡献的机会所在。
战略管理研究：40年纵览
摘要
参考文献
1 Abrahamson E, Fairchild G. Management fashion: Lifecycles, triggers, and collective learning processes[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly,1999, 44(4): 708-740. DOI:10.2307/2667053
2 Adner R. Ecosystem as structure: An actionable construct for strategy[J]. Journal of Management,2017, 43(1): 39-58. DOI:10.1177/0149206316678451
3 Adner R, Helfat C E. Corporate effects and dynamic managerial capabilities[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2003, 24(10): 1011-1025. DOI:10.1002/smj.331
4 Adner R, Kapoor R. Value creation in innovation ecosystems: How the structure of technological interdependence affects firm performance in new technology generations[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2010, 31(3): 306-333. DOI:10.1002/smj.821
5 Adner R, Levinthal D A. What is not a real option: Considering boundaries for the application of real options to business strategy[J]. Academy of Management Review,2004, 29(1): 74-85. DOI:10.5465/amr.2004.11851715
6 Ahearne M, Lam S K, Kraus F. Performance impact of middle managers' adaptive strategy implementation: The role of social capital[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2014, 35(1): 68-87. DOI:10.1002/smj.2086
7 Amit R, Zott C. Value creation in E-business[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2001, 22(6-7): 493-520. DOI:10.1002/smj.187
8 Andrews K R. The concept of corporate strategy[M]. Homewood, IL: Dow Jones-Irwin, 1971.
9 Ansoff H I. Corporate strategy[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965.
10 Barney J B. Organizational culture: Can it be a source of sustained competitive advantage?[J]. Academy of Management Review,1986, 11(3): 656-665. DOI:10.5465/amr.1986.4306261
11 Barney J B. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage[J]. Journal of Management,1991, 17(1): 99-120. DOI:10.1177/014920639101700108
12 Barney J B, Hoskisson R E. Strategic groups: Untested assertions and research proposals[J]. Managerial and Decision Economics,1990, 11(3): 187-198. DOI:10.1002/mde.4090110306
13 Baron D P. Integrated strategy: Market and nonmarket components[J]. California Management Review,1995, 37(2): 47-65. DOI:10.2307/41165788
14 Barr P S, Stimpert J L, Huff A S. Cognitive change, strategic action, and organizational renewal[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1992, 13(S1): 15-36. DOI:10.1002/smj.4250131004
15 Bascle G. Controlling for endogeneity with instrumental variables in strategic management research[J]. Strategic Organization,2008, 6(3): 285-327. DOI:10.1177/1476127008094339
16 Baum J A C, Calabrese T, Silverman B S. Don’t go it alone: Alliance network composition and startups’ performance in Canadian biotechnology[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2000, 21(3): 267-294. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(200003)21:3<267::AID-SMJ89>3.0.CO;2-8
17 Baum J R, Wally S. Strategic decision speed and firm performance[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2003, 24(11): 1107-1129. DOI:10.1002/smj.343
19 Bergh D D, Aguinis H, Heavey C, et al. Using meta-analytic structural equation modeling to advance strategic management research: Guidelines and an empirical illustration via the strategic leadership-performance relationship[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2016, 37(3): 477-497. DOI:10.1002/smj.2338
23 Bourgeois L J Ⅲ. On the measurement of organizational slack[J]. Academy of Management Review,1981, 6(1): 29-39. DOI:10.5465/amr.1981.4287985
24 Bourgeois L J, Brodwin D R. Strategic implementation: Five approaches to an elusive phenomenon[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1984, 5(3): 241-264. DOI:10.1002/smj.4250050305
25 Bowen H P, Wiersema M F. Matching method to paradigm in strategy research: Limitations of cross-sectional analysis and some methodological alternatives[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1999, 20(7): 625-636. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199907)20:7<625::AID-SMJ45>3.0.CO;2-V
26 Bowman E H, Helfat C E. Does corporate strategy matter?[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2001, 22(1): 1-23. DOI:10.1002/1097-0266(200101)22:1<1::AID-SMJ143>3.0.CO;2-T
27 Brandenburger A M, Nalebuff B J. Co-Opetition[M]. New York, NY: Currency/ Doubleday, 1996.
28 Camerer C F. Does strategy research need game theory?[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1991, 12(S2): 137-152. DOI:10.1002/smj.4250121010
29 Carnes C M, Xu K, Sirmon D G, et al. How competitive action mediates the resource slack–performance relationship: A meta-analytic approach[J]. Journal of Management Studies,2019, 56(1): 57-90. DOI:10.1111/joms.12391
30 Carroll A B. A three-dimensional conceptual model of corporate performance[J]. Academy of Management Review,1979, 4(4): 497-505. DOI:10.5465/amr.1979.4498296
31 Cennamo C, Santalo J. Platform competition: Strategic Trade-offs in platform markets[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2013, 34(11): 1331-1350. DOI:10.1002/smj.2066
32 Certo S T, Semadeni M. Strategy research and panel data: Evidence and implications[J]. Journal of Management,2006, 32(3): 449-471. DOI:10.1177/0149206305283320
33 Chandler A D Jr. Strategy and structure[M]. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1962.
34 Chatterji A K, Findley M, Jensen N M, et al. Field experiments in strategy research[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2016, 37(1): 116-132. DOI:10.1002/smj.2449
35 Chen C M, Delmas M A, Lieberman M B. Production frontier methodologies and efficiency as a performance measure in strategic management research[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2015, 36(1): 19-36. DOI:10.1002/smj.2199
36 Chen M J. Competitor analysis and interfirm rivalry: Toward a theoretical integration[J]. Academy of Management Review,1996, 21(1): 100-134. DOI:10.5465/amr.1996.9602161567
37 Chen M J, Miller D. Competitive dynamics: Themes, trends, and a prospective research platform[J]. The Academy of Management Annals,2012, 6(1): 135-210. DOI:10.5465/19416520.2012.660762
38 Chen M J, Miller D. Reconceptualizing competitive dynamics: A multidimensional framework[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2015, 36(5): 758-775. DOI:10.1002/smj.2245
39 Chen S W, Feldman E R. Activist-impelled divestitures and shareholder value[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2018, 39(10): 2726-2744. DOI:10.1002/smj.2931
40 Child J. Organizational structure, environment and performance: The role of strategic choice[J]. Sociology,1972, 6(1): 1-22. DOI:10.1177/003803857200600101
41 Christensen H K, Montgomery C A. Corporate economic performance: Diversification strategy versus market structure[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1981, 2(4): 327-343. DOI:10.1002/smj.4250020402
42 Cohen W M, Levinthal D A. Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly,1990, 35(1): 128-152. DOI:10.2307/2393553
43 Collis D J. Research note: How valuable are organizational capabilities?[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1994, 15(S1): 143-152. DOI:10.1002/smj.4250150910
44 Crossland C, Hambrick D C. Differences in managerial discretion across countries: How nation-level institutions affect the degree to which CEOs matter[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2011, 32(8): 797-819. DOI:10.1002/smj.913
45 Csaszar F A, Siggelkow N. How much to copy? Determinants of effective imitation breadth[J]. Organization Science,2010, 21(3): 661-676. DOI:10.1287/orsc.1090.0477
46 Csaszar F A, Levinthal D A. Mental representation and the discovery of new strategies[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2016, 37(10): 2031-2049. DOI:10.1002/smj.2440
48 Cyert R M, March J G. A behavioral theory of the firm[M]. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall, 1963.
49 Daniel F, Lohrke F T, Fornaciari C J, et al. Slack resources and firm performance: A meta-analysis[J]. Journal of Business Research,2004, 57(6): 565-574. DOI:10.1016/S0148-2963(02)00439-3
50 D’Aveni R A. Hypercompetition[M]. New York: Free Press, 1994.
51 D’Aveni R A, Dagnino G B, Smith K G. The age of temporary advantage[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2010, 31(13): 1371-1385. DOI:10.1002/smj.897
52 Derfus P J, Maggitti P G, Grimm C M, et al. The Red Queen effect: Competitive actions and firm performance[J]. Academy of Management Journal,2008, 51(1): 61-80. DOI:10.5465/amj.2008.30708624
53 Dess G G, Beard D W. Dimensions of organizational task environments[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly,1984, 29(1): 52-73. DOI:10.2307/2393080
55 Dess G G, Ireland R D, Hitt M A. Industry effects and strategic management research[J]. Journal of Management,1990, 16(1): 7-27. DOI:10.1177/014920639001600102
56 Durand R, Grant R M, Madsen T L, et al. The expanding domain of strategic management research and the quest for integration[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2017, 38(1): 4-16. DOI:10.1002/smj.2607
57 Dyer J H, Singh H. The relational view: cooperative strategy and sources of interorganizational competitive advantage[J]. Academy of Management Review,1998, 23(4): 660-679. DOI:10.5465/amr.1998.1255632
58 Eisenhardt K M. Control: Organizational and economic approaches[J]. Management Science,1985, 31(2): 134-149. DOI:10.1287/mnsc.31.2.134
60 Eisenhardt K M. Building theories from case study research[J]. Academy of Management Review,1989b, 14(4): 532-550. DOI:10.5465/amr.1989.4308385
61 Eisenhardt K M. Agency theory: An assessment and review[J]. Academy of Management Review,1989c, 14(1): 57-74. DOI:10.5465/amr.1989.4279003
62 Eisenhardt K M, Furr N R, Bingham C B. CROSSROADS—Microfoundations of performance: Balancing efficiency and flexibility in dynamic environments[J]. Organization Science,2010, 21(6): 1263-1273. DOI:10.1287/orsc.1100.0564
63 Eisenhardt K M, Graebner M E. Theory building from cases: Opportunities and challenges[J]. Academy of Management Journal,2007, 50(1): 25-32. DOI:10.5465/amj.2007.24160888
64 Eisenhardt K M, Graebner M E, Sonenshein S. Grand challenges and inductive methods: Rigor without rigor mortis[J]. Academy of Management Journal,2016, 59(4): 1113-1123. DOI:10.5465/amj.2016.4004
65 Feldman E R, Amit R R, Villalonga B. Corporate divestitures and family control[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2016, 37(3): 429-446. DOI:10.1002/smj.2329
66 Finkelstein S, Hambrick D C. Top-management-team tenure and organizational outcomes: The moderating role of managerial discretion[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly,1990, 35(3): 484-503. DOI:10.2307/2393314
67 Flammer C. Does product market competition foster corporate social responsibility? Evidence from trade liberalization[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2015, 36(10): 1469-1485. DOI:10.1002/smj.2307
68 Flammer C. Competing for government procurement contracts: The role of corporate social responsibility[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2018, 39(5): 1299-1324. DOI:10.1002/smj.2767
69 Foss N J, Saebi T. Fifteen years of research on business model innovation: How far have we come, and where should we go?[J]. Journal of Management,2017, 43(1): 200-227. DOI:10.1177/0149206316675927
70 Fredrickson J W. Strategic process research: Questions and recommendations[J]. Academy of Management Review,1983, 8(4): 565-575. DOI:10.5465/amr.1983.4284655
72 Fredrickson J W. The strategic decision process and organizational structure[J]. Academy of Management Review,1986, 11(2): 280-297. DOI:10.5465/amr.1986.4283101
74 Funk R J, Hirschman D. Beyond nonmarket strategy: Market actions as corporate political activity[J]. Academy of Management Review,2017, 42(1): 32-52. DOI:10.5465/amr.2013.0178
75 Furrer O, Thomas H, Goussevskaia A. The structure and evolution of the strategic management field: A content analysis of 26 years of strategic management research[J]. International Journal of Management Reviews,2008, 10(1): 1-23. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2370.2007.00217.x
76 Geringer J M, Beamish P W, Dacosta R C. Diversification strategy and internationalization: Implications for MNE performance[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1989, 10(2): 109-119. DOI:10.1002/smj.4250100202
77 Ghoshal S, Moran P. Bad for practice: A critique of the transaction cost theory[J]. Academy of Management Review,1996, 21(1): 13-47. DOI:10.5465/amr.1996.9602161563
78 Ginsberg A. Measuring and modelling changes in strategy: Theoretical foundations and empirical directions[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1988, 9(6): 559-575. DOI:10.1002/smj.4250090604
79 Girod S J G, Whittington R. Reconfiguration, restructuring and firm performance: Dynamic capabilities and environmental dynamism[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2017, 38(5): 1121-1133. DOI:10.1002/smj.2543
80 Godfrey P C, Hill C W L. The problem of unobservables in strategic management research[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1995, 16(7): 519-533. DOI:10.1002/smj.4250160703
81 Goerzen A. Alliance networks and firm performance: The impact of repeated partnerships[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2007, 28(5): 487-509. DOI:10.1002/smj.588
82 Goold M, Campbell A, Alexander M. Corporate-level strategy: Creating value in the multibusiness company[M]. New York: John Wiley, 1994.
83 Govindarajan V. Implementing competitive strategies at the business unit level: Implications of matching managers to strategies[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1989, 10(3): 251-269. DOI:10.1002/smj.4250100305
84 Grant R M. Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1996, 17(S2): 109-122. DOI:10.1002/smj.4250171110
86 Greckhamer T, Misangyi V F, Elms H, et al. Using qualitative comparative analysis in strategic management research: An examination of combinations of industry, corporate, and business-unit effects[J]. Organizational Research Methods,2008, 11(4): 695-726. DOI:10.1177/1094428107302907
87 Greer C R, Lusch R F, Hitt M A. A service perspective for human capital resources: A critical base for strategy implementation[J]. Academy of Management Perspectives,2017, 31(2): 137-158. DOI:10.5465/amp.2016.0004
88 Guo G R. Demystifying variance in performance: A longitudinal multilevel perspective[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2017, 38(6): 1327-1342. DOI:10.1002/smj.2555
90 Gupta A K, Govindarajan V. Knowledge flows and the structure of control within multinational corporations[J]. Academy of Management Review,1991, 16(4): 768-792. DOI:10.5465/amr.1991.4279628
91 Guth W D, MacMillan I C. Strategy implementation versus middle management self-interest[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1986, 7(4): 313-327. DOI:10.1002/smj.4250070403
92 Haans R F J, Pieters C, He Z L. Thinking about U: Theorizing and testing U- and inverted U-shaped relationships in strategy research[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2016, 37(7): 1177-1195. DOI:10.1002/smj.2399
94 Hall R. The strategic analysis of intangible resources[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1992, 13(2): 135-144. DOI:10.1002/smj.4250130205
95 Hall R. A framework linking intangible resources and capabiliites to sustainable competitive advantage[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1993, 14(8): 607-618. DOI:10.1002/smj.4250140804
96 Hambrick D C. Operationalizing the concept of business-level strategy in research[J]. Academy of Management Review,1980, 5(4): 567-575. DOI:10.5465/amr.1980.4288961
99 Hambrick D C, Mason P A. Upper echelons: The organization as a reflection of its top managers[J]. Academy of Management Review,1984, 9(2): 193-206. DOI:10.5465/amr.1984.4277628
100 Hamilton B H, Nickerson J A. Correcting for endogeneity in strategic management research[J]. Strategic Organization,2003, 1(1): 51-78. DOI:10.1177/1476127003001001218
101 Hannan M T, Freeman J. The population ecology of organizations[J]. American Journal of Sociology,1977, 82(5): 929-964. DOI:10.1086/226424
102 Hansen G S, Wernerfelt B. Determinants of firm performance: The relative importance of economic and organizational factors[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1989, 10(5): 399-411. DOI:10.1002/smj.4250100502
103 Hashai N. Within-industry diversification and firm performance—An S-shaped hypothesis[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2015, 36(9): 1378-1400. DOI:10.1002/smj.2290
104 Haspeslagh P C, Jemison D B. Managing acquisitions: Creating value through corporate renewal[M]. New York, NY: The Free Press, 1991.
105 Hawawini G, Subramanian V, Verdin P. Is performance driven by industry-or firm-specific factors? A new look at the evidence[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2003, 24(1): 1-16. DOI:10.1002/smj.278
106 Helfat C E, Peteraf M A. Managerial cognitive capabilities and the microfoundations of dynamic capabilities[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2015, 36(6): 831-850. DOI:10.1002/smj.2247
107 Hill C W L. Cooperation, opportunism, and the invisible hand: Implications for transaction cost theory[J]. Academy of Management Review,1990, 15(3): 500-513. DOI:10.5465/amr.1990.4309111
108 Hill C W L, Jones T M. Stakeholder-agency theory[J]. Journal of Management Studies,1992, 29(2): 131-154. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6486.1992.tb00657.x
109 Hillman A J, Hitt M A. Corporate political strategy formulation: A model of approach, participation, and strategy decisions[J]. Academy of Management Review,1999, 24(4): 825-842. DOI:10.5465/amr.1999.2553256
110 Hillman A J, Keim G D, Schuler D. Corporate political activity: A review and research agenda[J]. Journal of Management,2004, 30(6): 837-857. DOI:10.1016/j.jm.2004.06.003
111 Hillman A J, Withers M C, Collins B J. Resource dependence theory: A review[J]. Journal of Management,2009, 35(6): 1404-1427. DOI:10.1177/0149206309343469
112 Hillman A J, Zardkoohi A, Bierman L. Corporate political strategies and firm performance: Indications of firm-specific benefits from personal service in the U.S. government[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1999, 20(1): 67-81. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199901)20:1<67::AID-SMJ22>3.0.CO;2-T
114 Hoetker G. The use of logit and probit models in strategic management research: Critical issues[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2007, 28(4): 331-343. DOI:10.1002/smj.582
115 Hofer C W, Schendel D. Strategy formulation: Analytical concepts[M]. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing, 1978.
117 Hoskisson R E, Hitt M A, Wan W P, et al. Theory and research in strategic management: Swings of a pendulum[J]. Journal of Management,1999, 25(3): 417-456. DOI:10.1177/014920639902500307
118 Hrebiniak L G, Joyce W F. Organizational adaptation: Strategic choice and environmental determinism[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly,1985, 30(3): 336-349. DOI:10.2307/2392666
119 Hubbard R, Vetter D E, Little E L. Replication in strategic management: Scientific testing for validity, generalizability, and usefulness[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1998, 19(3): 243-254. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199803)19:3<243::AID-SMJ951>3.0.CO;2-0
120 Hughes-Morgan M, Kolev K, Mcnamara G. A meta-analytic review of competitive aggressiveness research[J]. Journal of Business Research,2018, 85: 73-82. DOI:10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.10.053
121 Jacobides M G, Billinger S. Designing the boundaries of the firm: From " make, buy, or ally” to the dynamic benefits of vertical architecture[J]. Organization Science,2006, 17(2): 249-261. DOI:10.1287/orsc.1050.0167
123 Jeong S H, Harrison D A. Glass breaking, strategy making, and value creating: Meta-analytic outcomes of women as CEOs and TMT members[J]. Academy of Management Journal,2017, 60(4): 1219-1252. DOI:10.5465/amj.2014.0716
124 Jia N. Are collective political actions and private political actions substitutes or complements? Empirical evidence from China’s private sector[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2014, 35(2): 292-315. DOI:10.1002/smj.2092
125 Jiang R J, Tao Q T, Santoro M D. Alliance portfolio diversity and firm performance[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2010, 31(10): 1136-1144. DOI:10.1002/smj.869
126 Kapoor R, Lee J M. Coordinating and competing in ecosystems: How organizational forms shape new technology investments[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2013, 34(3): 274-296. DOI:10.1002/smj.2010
127 Karna A, Richter A, Riesenkampff E. Revisiting the role of the environment in the capabilities–financial performance relationship: A meta-analysis[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2016, 37(6): 1154-1173. DOI:10.1002/smj.2379
128 Kaul A, Luo J. An economic case for CSR: The comparative efficiency of for-profit firms in meeting consumer demand for social goods[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2018, 39(6): 1650-1677. DOI:10.1002/smj.2705
129 Ketchen D J, Shook C L. The application of cluster analysis in strategic management research: An analysis and critique[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1996, 17(6): 441-458. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199606)17:6<441::AID-SMJ819>3.0.CO;2-G
130 Kim K H, Kim M, Qian C L. Effects of corporate social responsibility on corporate financial performance: A competitive-action perspective[J]. Journal of Management,2018, 44(3): 1097-1118. DOI:10.1177/0149206315602530
131 King D R, Dalton D R, Daily C M, et al. Meta-analyses of post-acquisition performance: Indications of unidentified moderators[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2004, 25(2): 187-200. DOI:10.1002/smj.371
132 Kraatz M S, Zajac E J. How organizational resources affect strategic change and performance in turbulent environments: Theory and evidence[J]. Organization Science,2001, 12(5): 632-657. DOI:10.1287/orsc.12.5.632.10088
133 Krishnan R, Martin X, Noorderhaven N G. When does trust matter to alliance performance?[J]. Academy of Management Journal,2006, 49(5): 894-917. DOI:10.5465/amj.2006.22798171
134 Lavie D. Alliance portfolios and firm performance: A study of value creation and appropriation in the U.S. software industry[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2007, 28(12): 1187-1212. DOI:10.1002/smj.637
135 Learned E P, Christensen C R, Andrews K R, et al. Business policy: Text and cases[M]. Homewood, IL: RD Irwin, 1965.
136 Lee D, Madhavan R. Divestiture and firm performance: A meta-analysis[J]. Journal of Management,2010, 36(6): 1345-1371. DOI:10.1177/0149206309360931
137 Lee D, Kirkpatrick-Husk K, Madhavan R. Diversity in alliance portfolios and performance outcomes: A meta-analysis[J]. Journal of Management,2017, 43(5): 1472-1497. DOI:10.1177/0149206314556316
138 Lepak D P, Smith K G, Taylor M S. Value creation and value capture: A multilevel perspective[J]. Academy of Management Review,2007, 32(1): 180-194. DOI:10.5465/amr.2007.23464011
139 Levinthal D A, March J G. The myopia of learning[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1993, 14(S2): 95-112. DOI:10.1002/smj.4250141009
140 Levinthal D, Workiewicz M. Near decomposability and organizational structure: The adaptive rationality of multi-authority[J]. Academy of Management Proceedings,2017, 2017(1): 15299. DOI:10.5465/AMBPP.2017.15299abstract
141 Lippman S A, Rumelt R P. Uncertain imitability: An analysis of interfirm differences in efficiency under competition[J]. The Bell Journal of Economics,1982, 13(2): 418-438. DOI:10.2307/3003464
144 Lubatkin M, Chatterjee S. Extending modern portfolio theory into the domain of corporate diversification: Does it apply?[J]. Academy of Management Journal,1994, 37(1): 109-136. DOI:10.5465/256772
145 Mackey T B, Barney J B, Dotson J P. Corporate diversification and the value of individual firms: A Bayesian approach[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2017, 38(2): 322-341. DOI:10.1002/smj.2480
146 Marcoulides G A, Heck R H. Organizational culture and performance: Proposing and testing a model[J]. Organization Science,1993, 4(2): 209-225. DOI:10.1287/orsc.4.2.209
147 Massa L, Tucci C L, Afuah A. A critical assessment of business model research[J]. Academy of Management Annals,2017, 11(1): 73-104. DOI:10.5465/annals.2014.0072
148 McGahan A M, Porter M E. How much does industry matter, really?[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1997, 18(S1): 15-30. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199707)18:1+<15::AID-SMJ916>3.3.CO;2-T
149 McGrath R G. A real options logic for initiating technology positioning investments[J]. Academy of Management Review,1997, 22(4): 974-996. DOI:10.5465/amr.1997.9711022113
150 McGrath R G. Falling forward: Real options reasoning and entrepreneurial failure[J]. Academy of Management Review,1999, 24(1): 13-30. DOI:10.5465/amr.1999.1580438
151 Miles R E, Snow C. Organizational strategy, structure, and process[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978.
153 Mintzberg H. Power in and around organizations[M]. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1983.
154 Mintzberg H, Ahlstrand B, Lampel J. Strategy safari: A guided tour through the wilds of strategic management[M]. New York: The Free Press, 2005.
155 Mir R, Watson A. Strategic management and the philosophy of science: The case for a constructivist methodology[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2000, 21(9): 941-953. DOI:10.1002/1097-0266(200009)21:9<941::AID-SMJ141>3.0.CO;2-D
157 Moore J F. The death of competition: Leadership and strategy in the age of business ecosystems[M]. New York: Harper Business, 1996.
158 Nag R, Hambrick D C, Chen M J. What is strategic management, really? Inductive derivation of a consensus definition of the field[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2007, 28(9): 935-955. DOI:10.1002/smj.615
159 Nohria N, Gulati R. Is slack good or bad for innovation?[J]. Academy of Management Journal,1996, 39(5): 1245-1264. DOI:10.5465/256998
160 Oliver C. Strategic responses to institutional processes[J]. Academy of Management Review,1991, 16(1): 145-179. DOI:10.5465/amr.1991.4279002
161 Oliver C. Sustainable competitive advantage: Combining institutional and resource-based views[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1997, 18(9): 697-713. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199710)18:9<697::AID-SMJ909>3.0.CO;2-C
162 Palepu K. Diversification strategy, profit performance and the entropy measure[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1985, 6(3): 239-255. DOI:10.1002/smj.4250060305
163 Palich L E, Cardinal L B, Miller C C. Curvilinearity in the diversification-performance linkage: An examination of over three decades of research[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2000, 21(2): 155-174. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(200002)21:2<155::AID-SMJ82>3.0.CO;2-2
165 Peng M W. Institutional transitions and strategic choices[J]. Academy of Management Review,2003, 28(2): 275-286. DOI:10.5465/amr.2003.9416341
166 Pettigrew A M. The politics of organizational decision making[M]. London: Tavistock, 1973.
167 Pfeffer J. Managing with power: Politics and influence in organizations[M]. Harvard Business Press, 1992.
168 Pfeffer J, Salancik G R. The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective[M]. New York: Harper & Row, 1978.
169 Pierce L. Big losses in ecosystem niches: How core firm decisions drive complementary product shakeouts[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2009, 30(3): 323-347. DOI:10.1002/smj.736
170 Porter M E. The structure within industries and companies’ performance[J]. Review of Economics and Statistics,1979, 61(2): 214-227. DOI:10.2307/1924589
171 Porter M E. Competitive strategy[M]. New York: The Free Press, 1980.
173 Powell T C. Organizational alignment as competitive advantage[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1992a, 13(2): 119-134. DOI:10.1002/smj.4250130204
174 Powell T C. Strategic planning as competitive advantage[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1992b, 13(7): 551-558. DOI:10.1002/smj.4250130707
175 Powell T C. How much does industry matter? An alternative empirical test[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1996, 17(4): 323-334. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199604)17:4<323::AID-SMJ803>3.0.CO;2-5
176 Prahalad C K, Bettis R A. The dominant logic: A new linkage between diversity and performance[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1986, 7(6): 485-501. DOI:10.1002/smj.4250070602
177 Priem R L. A consumer perspective on value creation[J]. Academy of Management Review,2007, 32(1): 219-235. DOI:10.5465/amr.2007.23464055
178 Ramanujam V, Varadarajan P. Research on corporate diversification: A synthesis[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1989, 10(6): 523-551. DOI:10.1002/smj.4250100603
179 Rau D, Flores L, Simha A. Strategic planning, organizational learning, slack, and firm performance[J]. Academy of Management Proceedings,2017, 2017(1): 10364. DOI:10.5465/AMBPP.2017.10364abstract
180 Ruefli T W, Wiggins R R. Industry, corporate, and segment effects and business performance: A non-parametric approach[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2003, 24(9): 861-879. DOI:10.1002/smj.350
181 Rumelt R P. Strategy, structure, and economic performance[M]. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974.
182 Rumelt R P. Diversification strategy and profitability[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1982, 3(4): 359-369. DOI:10.1002/smj.4250030407
183 Rumelt R P. Towards a strategic theory of the firm[A]. Lamb R. Competitive strategic management[M]. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1984: 556-570.
184 Rumelt R P. Theory, strategy, and entrepreneurship[A]. Teece D. The competitive challenge[M]. Cambridge, Mass: Ballinger, 1987: 137-158.
185 Rumelt R P. How much does industry matter?[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1991, 12(3): 167-185. DOI:10.1002/smj.4250120302
186 Rumelt R P, Schendel D, Teece D J. Strategic management and economics[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1991, 12(S2): 5-29. DOI:10.1002/smj.4250121003
187 Sandhu S, Kulik C T. Shaping and being shaped: How organizational structure and managerial discretion co-evolve in new managerial roles[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly,2019, 64(3): 619-658. DOI:10.1177/0001839218778018
188 Schendel D E, Hofer C W. Strategic management[M]. Boston, MA: Little Brown, 1979.
189 Schilke O. On the contingent value of dynamic capabilities for competitive advantage: The nonlinear moderating effect of environmental dynamism[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2014, 35(2): 179-203. DOI:10.1002/smj.2099
190 Schilke O, Hu S C, Helfat C E. Quo vadis, dynamic capabilities? A content-analytic review of the current state of knowledge and recommendations for future research[J]. Academy of Management Annals,2018, 12(1): 390-439. DOI:10.5465/annals.2016.0014
191 Schilke O, Lumineau F. The double-edged effect of contracts on alliance performance[J]. Journal of Management,2018, 44(7): 2827-2858. DOI:10.1177/0149206316655872
193 Schommer M, Richter A, Karna A. Does the diversification–firm performance relationship change over time? A meta-analytical review[J]. Journal of Management Studies,2019, 56(1): 270-298. DOI:10.1111/joms.12393
194 Schuler D A, Shi W, Hoskisson R E, et al. Windfalls of emperors’ sojourns: Stock market reactions to Chinese firms hosting high-ranking government officials[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2017, 38(8): 1668-1687. DOI:10.1002/smj.2622
195 Schwenk C R. Cognitive simplification processes in strategic decision-making[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1984, 5(2): 111-128. DOI:10.1002/smj.4250050203
196 Semadeni M, Withers M C, Trevis Certo S. The perils of endogeneity and instrumental variables in strategy research: Understanding through simulations[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2014, 35(7): 1070-1079. DOI:10.1002/smj.2136
197 Seth A. Value creation in acquisitions: A re-examination of performance issues[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1990, 11(2): 99-115. DOI:10.1002/smj.4250110203
198 Shahzad A, Rutherford M A, Sharfman M P. Stakeholder management and financial performance: The role of managerial discretion[J]. Academy of Management Proceedings,2016, 2016(1): 12620. DOI:10.5465/ambpp.2016.12620abstract
199 Sharfman M P, Wolf G, Chase R B, et al. Antecedents of organizational slack[J]. Academy of Management Review,1988, 13(4): 601-614. DOI:10.5465/amr.1988.4307484
200 Short J C, Ketchen D J, Palmer T B, et al. Firm, strategic group, and industry influences on performance[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2007, 28(2): 147-167. DOI:10.1002/smj.574
201 Sihag V, Rijsdijk S A. Organizational controls and performance outcomes: A meta-analytic assessment and extension[J]. Journal of Management Studies,2019, 56(1): 91-133. DOI:10.1111/joms.12342
202 Sine W D, Mitsuhashi H, Kirsch D A. Revisiting burns and stalker: Formal structure and new venture performance in emerging economic sectors[J]. Academy of Management Journal,2006, 49(1): 121-132. DOI:10.5465/amj.2006.20785590
203 Singh K, Ang S H, Leong S M. Increasing replication for knowledge accumulation in strategy research[J]. Journal of Management,2003, 29(4): 533-549. DOI:10.1016/S0149-2063(03)00024-2
204 Smith K G, Grimm C M. Environmental variation, strategic change and firm performance: A study of railroad deregulation[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1987, 8(4): 363-376. DOI:10.1002/smj.4250080406
206 Snow C C, Hambrick D C. Measuring organizational strategies: Some theoretical and methodological problems[J]. Academy of Management Review,1980, 5(4): 527-538. DOI:10.5465/amr.1980.4288955
207 Snow C C, Hrebiniak L G. Strategy, distinctive competence, and organizational performance[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly,1980, 25(2): 317-336. DOI:10.2307/2392457
208 Spender J C. Making knowledge the basis of a dynamic theory of the firm[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1996, 17(S2): 45-62. DOI:10.1002/smj.4250171106
209 Tan J, Peng M W. Organizational slack and firm performance during economic transitions: Two studies from an emerging economy[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2003, 24(13): 1249-1263. DOI:10.1002/smj.351
210 Teece D J. Explicating dynamic capabilities: The nature and microfoundations of(sustainable)enterprise performance[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2007, 28(13): 1319-1350. DOI:10.1002/smj.640
211 Teece D J. Business models, business strategy and innovation[J]. Long Range Planning,2010, 43(2-3): 172-194. DOI:10.1016/j.lrp.2009.07.003
212 Teece D J, Pisano G, Shuen A. Dynamic capabilities and strategic management[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1997, 18(7): 509-533. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199708)18:7<509::AID-SMJ882>3.0.CO;2-Z
213 Vaara E, Whittington R. Strategy-as-practice: Taking social practices seriously[J]. Academy of Management Annals,2012, 6(1): 285-336. DOI:10.5465/19416520.2012.672039
214 Vanacker T, Collewaert V, Zahra S A. Slack resources, firm performance, and the institutional context: Evidence from privately held European firms[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2017, 38(6): 1305-1326. DOI:10.1002/smj.2583
215 Venkatraman N. The concept of fit in strategy research: Toward verbal and statistical correspondence[J]. Academy of Management Review,1989, 14(3): 423-444. DOI:10.5465/amr.1989.4279078
217 Venkatraman N, Prescott J E. Environment-strategy coalignment: An empirical test of its performance implications[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1990, 11(1): 1-23. DOI:10.1002/smj.4250110102
218 Waddock S A, Graves S B. The corporate social performance–financial performance link[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1997, 18(4): 303-319. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199704)18:4<303::AID-SMJ869>3.0.CO;2-G
219 Wang H L, Choi J, Wan G G, et al. Slack resources and the rent-generating potential of firm-specific knowledge[J]. Journal of Management,2016a, 42(2): 500-523. DOI:10.1177/0149206313484519
220 Wang H L, Qian C L. Corporate philanthropy and corporate financial performance: The roles of stakeholder response and political access[J]. Academy of Management Journal,2011, 54(6): 1159-1181. DOI:10.5465/amj.2009.0548
221 Wang H L, Tong L, Takeuchi R, et al. Corporate social responsibility: An overview and new research directions[J]. The Academy of Management Journal,2016b, 59(2): 534-544. DOI:10.5465/amj.2016.5001
222 Wassmer U, Li S L, Madhok A. Resource ambidexterity through alliance portfolios and firm performance[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2017, 38(2): 384-394. DOI:10.1002/smj.2488
223 Wernerfelt B. A resource-based view of the firm[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1984, 5(2): 171-180. DOI:10.1002/smj.4250050207
224 Wernerfelt B, Montgomery C A. What is an attractive industry?[J]. Management Science,1986, 32(10): 1223-1230. DOI:10.1287/mnsc.32.10.1223
225 Whittington R. Strategy as practice[J]. Long Range Planning,1996, 29(5): 731-735. DOI:10.1016/0024-6301(96)00068-4
226 Wiggins R R, Ruefli T W. Sustained competitive advantage: Temporal dynamics and the incidence and persistence of superior economic performance[J]. Organization Science,2002, 13(1): 81-105. DOI:10.1287/orsc.13.1.81.542
227 Wilden R, Gudergan S P, Nielsen B B, et al. Dynamic capabilities and performance: Strategy, structure and environment[J]. Long Range Planning,2013, 46(1-2): 72-96. DOI:10.1016/j.lrp.2012.12.001
228 Wooldridge B, Floyd S W. The strategy process, middle management involvement, and organizational performance[J]. Strategic Management Journal,1990, 11(3): 231-241. DOI:10.1002/smj.4250110305
229 Wooldridge B, Schmid T, Floyd S W. The middle management perspective on strategy process: Contributions, synthesis, and future research[J]. Journal of Management,2008, 34(6): 1190-1221. DOI:10.1177/0149206308324326
230 Young G, Smith K G, Grimm C. " Austrian” and industrial organization perspectives on firm-level competitive activity and performance[J]. Organization Science,1996, 7(3): 243-254. DOI:10.1287/orsc.7.3.243
231 Yu T Y, Cannella A A Jr. A comprehensive review of multimarket competition research[J]. Journal of Management,2013, 39(1): 76-109. DOI:10.1177/0149206312462456
232 Zahra S A. Environment, corporate entrepreneurship, and financial performance: A taxonomic approach[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,1993, 8(4): 319-340. DOI:10.1016/0883-9026(93)90003-N
233 Zahra S A. Technology strategy and financial performance: Examining the moderating role of the firm’s competitive environment[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,1996, 11(3): 189-219. DOI:10.1016/0883-9026(96)00001-8
234 Zajac E J, Kraatz M S, Bresser R K F. Modeling the dynamics of strategic fit: A normative approach to strategic change[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2000, 21(4): 429-453. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(200004)21:4<429::AID-SMJ81>3.0.CO;2-#
235 Zhang Y, Rajagopalan N. Once an outsider, always an outsider? CEO origin, strategic change, and firm performance[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2010, 31(3): 334-346. DOI:10.1002/smj.812
236 Zheng D X, Yu A. Autonomy and SME performance: The configuration of organizational slack and environmental dynamism[J]. Academy of Management Proceedings,2017, 2017(1): 17346. DOI:10.5465/AMBPP.2017.17346abstract
237 Zhu F, Iansiti M. Entry into platform-based markets[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2012, 33(1): 88-106. DOI:10.1002/smj.941
238 Zollo M, Reuer J J, Singh H. Interorganizational routines and performance in strategic alliances[J]. Organization Science,2002, 13(6): 701-713. DOI:10.1287/orsc.13.6.701.503
239 Zott C. Dynamic capabilities and the emergence of intraindustry differential firm performance: Insights from a simulation study[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2003, 24(2): 97-125. DOI:10.1002/smj.288
240 Zott C, Amit R. Business model design and the performance of entrepreneurial firms[J]. Organization Science,2007, 18(2): 181-199. DOI:10.1287/orsc.1060.0232
241 Zott C, Amit R. The fit between product market strategy and business model: Implications for firm performance[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2008, 29(1): 1-26. DOI:10.1002/smj.642
242 Zott C, Amit R, Massa L. The business model: Recent developments and future research[J]. Journal of Management,2011, 37(4): 1019-1042. DOI:10.1177/0149206311406265
引用本文
马浩. 战略管理研究：40年纵览[J]. 外国经济与管理, 2019, 41(12): 19-49.
导出参考文献，格式为：
