5555 
2479创业者达尔文身份遵循传统商业逻辑，以竞争框架为参考，体现了创业者的自我价值，是一种典型的、常见的创业者身份。现下创业者基本依赖于团队开展创业实践，基于此，本文主要考察了在商言商的达尔文身份通过财富态度与团队契约治理对企业绩效的影响。文章基于目标设定理论，利用经验数据进行检验，结果表明：创业者达尔文身份对企业绩效有直接的促进作用；达尔文身份的竞争目标参考框架提升了创业者对财富的迷恋、将财富视为成就和力量的程度，损害了企业绩效；达尔文身份为了更高效地达到目标，致力于明确契约治理，提升企业绩效；达尔文身份使创业者将个人成功与财富绑定而提升财富态度，挤占了团队成员人力资本激励调整的空间，导致契约治理水平下降，团队难以正常运行，最终损害企业绩效。本文打开了达尔文身份对企业绩效影响的“黑箱”，揭示了虽然有着明确目标的达尔文身份有助于提升绩效，但团队情境下其对财富的态度导致的契约治理问题可能阻碍新创企业成长。结论深化和拓展了创业身份研究，不仅启发创业者调整身份定位和态度，对投资者评估创业团队以进行相关决策亦有启示。
在商言商？达尔文身份与新创企业绩效
摘要
参考文献
1 蔡莉, 汤淑琴, 马艳丽, 等. 创业学习、创业能力与新企业绩效的关系研究[J]. 科学学研究,2014, 32(8): 1189-1197. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-2053.2014.08.010
2 何轩, 宋丽红, 朱沆, 等. 家族为何意欲放手?——制度环境感知、政治地位与中国家族企业主的传承意愿[J]. 管理世界,2014, (2): 90-101, 110, 188. DOI:10.19744/j.cnki.11-1235/f.2014.02.009
5 沈超红, 罗亮. 创业成功关键因素与创业绩效指标研究[J]. 中南大学学报(社会科学版),2006, 12(2): 231-235. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-3104.2006.02.017
8 朱仁宏, 李新春. 创业团队契约治理与新创企业绩效关系研究[J]. 中山大学学报(社会科学版),2014, 54(4): 199-208. DOI:10.13471/j.cnki.jsysusse.2014.04.019
10 Alsos G A, Clausen T H, Hytti U, et al. Entrepreneurs’ social identity and the preference of causal and effectual behaviours in start-up processes[J]. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development,2016, 28(3-4): 234-258.
11 Amason A C, Shrader R C, Tompson G H. Newness and novelty: Relating top management team composition to new venture performance[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2006, 21(1): 125-148. DOI:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2005.04.008
12 Bantel K A. Technology-based, “adolescent” firm configurations: Strategy identification, context, and performance[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,1998, 13(3): 205-230. DOI:10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00033-5
13 Blatt R. Tough love: How communal schemas and contracting practices build relational capital in entrepreneurial teams[J]. Academy of Management Review,2009, 34(3): 533-551. DOI:10.5465/amr.2009.40633298
14 Blau P M, Schwartz J E. Crosscutting social circles: Testing a macrostructural theory of intergroup relations[M]. New York: Routledge, 2018.
15 Carpenter M A, Sanders W G. Top management team compensation: The missing link between CEO pay and firm performance?[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2002, 23(4): 367-375. DOI:10.1002/smj.228
16 Carson S J, Madhok A, Wu T. Uncertainty, opportunism, and governance: The effects of volatility and ambiguity on formal and relational contracting[J]. Academy of Management Journal,2006, 49(5): 1058-1077. DOI:10.5465/amj.2006.22798187
17 Chen J L, Chen N C, Yu K K, et al. Does entrepreneurs' Darwinian social identity contribute to business performance via corporate social responsibility in China? The Role of Entrepreneurs' Well-Being[J]. Frontiers in Psychology,2021, 12: 781399. DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.781399
18 Clark M S, Mills J R, Corcoran D M. Keeping track of needs and inputs of friends and strangers[J]. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,1989, 15(4): 533-542. DOI:10.1177/0146167289154007
19 Cooney T M. Editorial: What is an entrepreneurial team?[J]. International Small Business Journal:Researching Entrepreneurship,2005, 23(3): 226-235. DOI:10.1177/0266242605052131
20 Fauchart E, Gruber M. Darwinians, Communitarians, and Missionaries: The role of founder identity in entrepreneurship[J]. Academy of Management Journal,2011, 54(5): 935-957. DOI:10.5465/amj.2009.0211
21 Gruber M, MacMillan I C. Entrepreneurial behavior: A reconceptualization and extension based on identity theory[J]. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,2017, 11(3): 271-286. DOI:10.1002/sej.1262
22 Hazera A. John Lee Hancock, The founder (2016)[J]. Markets, Globalization & Development Review,2017, 2(4): 7.
23 Klotz A C, Hmieleski K M, Bradley B H, et al. New venture teams: A review of the literature and roadmap for future research[J]. Journal of Management,2014, 40(1): 226-255. DOI:10.1177/0149206313493325
24 Lay A, Furnham A. A new money attitudes questionnaire[J]. European Journal of Psychological Assessment,2018, 35(6): 813-822.
25 Lim V K G, Teo T S H. Sex, money and financial hardship: An empirical study of attitudes towards money among undergraduates in Singapore[J]. Journal of Economic Psychology,1997, 18(4): 369-386. DOI:10.1016/S0167-4870(97)00013-5
26 Locke E A. Motivation through conscious goal setting[J]. Applied and Preventive Psychology,1996, 5(2): 117-124. DOI:10.1016/S0962-1849(96)80005-9
27 Miller D, Le Breton-Miller I. Governance, social identity, and entrepreneurial orientation in closely held public companies[J]. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2011, 35(5): 1051-1076. DOI:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2011.00447.x
28 Murnieks C Y, Klotz A C, Shepherd D A. Entrepreneurial motivation: A review of the literature and an agenda for future research[J]. Journal of Organizational Behavior,2020, 41(2): 115-143. DOI:10.1002/job.2374
29 Powell E E, Baker T. It's what you make of it: Founder identity and enacting strategic responses to adversity[J]. Academy of Management Journal,2014, 57(5): 1406-1433. DOI:10.5465/amj.2012.0454
30 Rudmin F W. German and Canadian data on motivations for ownership: Was Pythagoras right?[A]. Goldberg M E, Gorn G, Pollay R W. Advances in consumer research[M]. Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, 1990.
31 Sandberg W R, Hofer C W. Improving new venture performance: The role of strategy, industry structure, and the entrepreneur[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,1987, 2(1): 5-28. DOI:10.1016/0883-9026(87)90016-4
32 Schjoedt L, Kraus S. Entrepreneurial teams: Definition and performance factors[J]. Management Research News,2009, 32(6): 513-524. DOI:10.1108/01409170910962957
33 Sieger P, Gruber M, Fauchart E, et al. Measuring the social identity of entrepreneurs: Scale development and international validation[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2016, 31(5): 542-572. DOI:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2016.07.001
34 Smith I H, Woodworth W P. Engaging the informal economy to educate social entrepreneurs and social innovators[J]. Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings,2012, 2012(1): 14188.
35 Tacke F, Knockaert M, Patzelt H, et al. When do greedy entrepreneurs exhibit unethical pro-organizational behavior? The role of new venture team trust[J]. Journal of Management, 2022,doi: 10.1177/01492063211067517.
36 Tang T L P, Chiu R K. Income, money ethic, pay satisfaction, commitment, and unethical behavior: Is the love of money the root of evil for Hong Kong employees?[J]. Journal of Business Ethics,2003, 46(1): 13-30. DOI:10.1023/A:1024731611490
37 Vlaar P W L, Van Den Bosch F A J, Volberda H W. Coping with problems of understanding in interorganizational relationships: Using formalization as a means to make sense[J]. Organization Studies,2006, 27(11): 1617-1638. DOI:10.1177/0170840606068338
38 Wagenschwanz A M. The identity of entrepreneurs: Providing conceptual clarity and future directions[J]. International Journal of Management Reviews,2021, 23(1): 64-84. DOI:10.1111/ijmr.12241
39 Yoo S, Lee J, Lee Y. Entrepreneurial team conflict and cohesion: Meta-structural equation modeling[J]. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 2021,doi: 10.1515/erj-2020-0501.
40 Zahra S A, Neubaum D O, El-Hagrassey G M. Competitive analysis and new venture performance: Understanding the impact of strategic uncertainty and venture origin[J]. Entrepreneurship and Theory Practice,2002, 27(1): 1-28. DOI:10.1111/1540-8520.t01-2-00001
引用本文
周琦, 贺思涵, 朱仁宏. 在商言商？达尔文身份与新创企业绩效[J]. 外国经济与管理, 2023, 45(7): 123-137.
导出参考文献，格式为：
