With the continuous development of China’s high-tech industry, scientific and technological competitiveness is also increasingly concerned by the world, especially by the U.S. Since 2019, the U.S. has been carrying out entity-list sanctions against a number of enterprises, scientific research institutes, and colleges and universities in China in an attempt to put pressure on China’s high-tech industry. This paper firstly sorts out the long- and short-term response mechanisms of enterprises, markets, and governments after being sanctioned by the entity list and the resilient role of the cluster supply-chain mode with Chinese characteristics, and constructs a DID model to test the long- and short-term effects of entity-list sanctions on China’s exports of relevant industries as well as on U.S. imports by collating the UN Comtrade data of U.S.-China exports and imports during the period of 2015-2023. It is found that entity-list sanctions have a negative effect on China’s key industries in the short term, but this effect is weakened in the long term. Then the mediating variables and heterogeneity analysis of the degree of government assistance and demand buffer in other regions explain how the government and cluster supply-chain resilience affect the import and export trade between China and the U.S., reflecting the resilience and complementary capacity of China’s industrial chain and supply chain in coping with the problems such as chain breakage, etc. This paper makes references and suggestions for the government and enterprises to cope with various types of risks.