This paper constructs an economic growth theoretical model which contains the stock of natural resources and the factors of labor force structure, and explores whether labor structure leads to resources curse or resources blessing. Theoretical studies argue that under different restricted conditions, the increase in the quantity of labor force in natural resource exploitation sector has different effects on economic growth, while the improvement of labor quality will always alleviate the effect of resources curse. Further empirical research shows that:generally speaking, the phenomenon of resources curse indeed exists in China at provincial level, but the situation can be reversed under some preconditions; to avoid the emergence of resources curse and ensure the natural resources being the blessing of local development depends on the improvement the quality of labor force, and the increase in labor quantity in natural resource exploitation sector plays a limited role; in terms of regions, the resources curse effect is different in regions at different economic development levels and the heterogeneity of the labor force structure dominates the difference between regions.