6075 
7219创新创业是我国新旧动能转换的重大战略选择，而其心理动因研究是激发和保护企业家精神进而推动创新创业发展的关键。文章借鉴企业生命周期理论和创业成功模型，论证了心理因素作用于创新创业的机制，并使用Hausman-Tailor估计和工具变量方法为此提供了经验证据支持。研究结果表明：第一，创新创业具有显著的深层心理动因，已有文献所强调的创新创业前因变量可以经由心理因素来解释；第二，心理因素与创新创业之间存在互为因果关系，所以企业家精神能够通过后天实践而习得；第三，受调节变量的影响，创新创业的心理动因存在地区和时代差别。因此，适时制定有区域差别的企业家精神的激发和保护措施，将具有重要的创新创业实践意义。
创新创业的心理动因：理论机制与经验证据
摘要
参考文献
1 [美]彼得•德鲁克. 创新与企业家精神[M]. 蔡文燕译. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2009.
2 蔡跃洲. " 互联网+”行动的创新创业机遇与挑战——技术革命及技术—经济范式视角的分析[J]. 求是学刊,2016,(3) DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-7504.2016.03.022
4 陈莉平. 企业的生命周期演变及可持续成长[J]. 福州大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2004,(2) DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-3321.2004.02.017
6 戴晓阳,姚树桥,蔡太生,等. NEO个性问卷修订本在中国的应用研究[J]. 中国心理卫生杂志,2004,(3) DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-6729.2004.03.001
8 高波,胡卫兵. 企业家的信任观及其影响因素:基于浙粤两省问卷调查数据的实证分析[J]. 江苏社会科学,2012,(1) DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-8671.2012.01.029
9 郭惠玲. 公司企业家精神与企业绩效的实证研究——基于营销能力的交互作用[J]. 华侨大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2014,(3) DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1398.2014.03.022
10 胡金焱,张博. 社会网络、民间融资与家庭创业——基于中国城乡差异的实证分析[J]. 金融研究,2014,(10) DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1009-3109.2014.10.018
12 靳卫东,高波. 企业家精神与经济增长:企业家创新行为的经济学分析[J]. 经济评论,2008,(5) DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-0947.2008.05.012
14 李乾文. 公司创业活动与绩效关系测度体系评介[J]. 外国经济与管理,2005,(2) DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-4950.2005.02.009
15 李涛,张文韬. 人格特征与股票投资[J]. 经济研究,2015,(6) DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-0977.2015.06.021
18 刘佳,李新春. 模仿还是创新:创业机会开发与创业绩效的实证研究[J]. 南方经济,2013,(10) DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6249.2013.10.007
20 龙丹,张玉利,李姚矿. 经验与机会创新性交互作用下的新企业生成研究[J]. 管理科学,2013,(5) DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-9807.2013.05.007
21 宋小宁,陈斌,梁琦. 区位劣势和县域行政管理费增长[J]. 经济研究,2015,(3) DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-9448.2015.03.014
22 田虹,崔悦. 企业家精神与中小企业成长的影响机制研究[J]. 南通大学学报(社会科学版),2017,(6) DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-2359.2017.06.011
24 王小鲁, 樊纲, 余静文. 中国分省份市场化指数报告（2016）[M]. 北京: 社会科学文献出版社, 2017.
25 夏飞,王业斌,唐红祥,等. 基于创新创业视角的文化与经济研究——第二届文化与经济论坛(2016)综述[J]. 经济研究,2016,(12) DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-3151.2016.12.030
26 徐淑英,李兰,王辉,等. 企业家对人性的看法、管理实践及与综合绩效的关系——2012•中国企业家成长与发展专题调查报告[J]. 管理世界,2012,(6)
28 姚建文,王克岭,张灿. 企业家创新行为与企业成长对策研究[J]. 云南大学学报(社会科学版),2011,(5) DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1671-7511.2011.05.007
29 尹向毅. 创业是否可教——基于教育学视角的分析[J]. 高等教育研究,2017,(5) DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-5485.2017.05.008
30 袁晓玲,李政大,白天元. 基于市场环境调节的企业家精神与EVA绩效研究[J]. 西安交通大学学报(社会科学版),2012,(3) DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1008-245X.2012.03.009
31 [美]约瑟夫•熊彼特. 经济发展理论[M]. 王永胜译. 北京: 立信会计出版社, 2017.
34 张来武. 以六次产业理论引领创新创业[J]. 中国软科学,2016,(1) DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-9753.2016.01.004
39 仲为国,李兰,路江涌,等. 中国企业创新动向指数:创新的环境、战略与未来——2017•中国企业家成长与发展专题调查报告[J]. 管理世界,2017,(6) DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-5502.2017.06.018
41 Adizes I. Corporate life cycles: How and why corporations grow and die and what to do about it[M]. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice hall, 1988.
42 Almlund M,Duckworth A L,Heckman J,et al. Personality psychology and economics[J]. Handbook of the Economics of Education,2011,4:1–181 DOI:10.1016/B978-0-444-53444-6.00001-8
43 Audretsch D B,Fritsch M. Growth regimes over time and space[J]. Regional Studies,2002,36(2):113–124 DOI:10.1080/00343400220121909
44 Baron R A, Markman G D. Toward a process view of entrepreneurship: The changing impact of individual level variables across phases of new venture development[M]. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2005.
45 Barrick M R,Mount M K. The big five personality dimensions and job performance:A meta-analysis[J]. Personnel Psychology,1991,44(1):1–26 DOI:10.1111/peps.1991.44.issue-1
46 Baum J R,Locke E A. The relationship of entrepreneurial traits,skill,and motivation to subsequent venture growth[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology,2004,89(4):587–598 DOI:10.1037/0021-9010.89.4.587
47 Ciavarella M A,Buchholtz A K,Riordan C M,et al. The big five and venture survival:Is there a linkage?[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2004,19(4):465–483 DOI:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2003.03.001
48 Davidsson P, Achtenhagen L, Naldi L. What do we know about small firm growth?[A]. Parker S. The life cycle of entrepreneurial ventures[C]. Boston, MA: Springer, 2006.
49 Djankov S,Qian Y Y,Roland G,et al. Who are china’s entrepreneurs?[J]. American Economic Review,2006,96(2):348–352 DOI:10.1257/000282806777212387
50 Eckhardt J T,Shane S A. Opportunities and entrepreneurship[J]. Journal of Management,2003,29(3):333–349 DOI:10.1177/014920630302900304
51 Frese M,Krauss S I,Keith N,et al. Business owners’ action planning and its relationship to business success in three African countries[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology,2007,92(6):1481–1498 DOI:10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1481
52 Gartner W B. A conceptual framework for describing the phenomenon of new venture creation[J]. Academy of Management Review,1985,10(4):696–706 DOI:10.5465/amr.1985.4279094
54 Hausman J A,Taylor W E. Panel data and unobservable individual effects[J]. Econometrica,Econometric Society,1981,49(6):1377–1398 DOI:10.2307/1911406
55 Ismail M,Khalid S A,Othman M,et al. Entrepreneurial intention among malaysian undergraduates[J]. International Journal of Business and Management,2009,4(10):54–60
56 Johnson D R,Creech J C. Ordinal measures in multiple indicator models:A simulation study of categorization error[J]. American Sociological Review,1983,48(3):398–407 DOI:10.2307/2095231
57 Knight F H. Risk, uncertainty, and profit[M]. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1921.
58 Kumar V. A process for practicing design innovation[J]. Journal of Business Strategy,2009,30(2/3):91–100 DOI:10.1108/02756660910942517
59 McClelland D C. The achieving society[M]. New York: Free Press, 1961.
60 Mitchell R L C,Phillips L H. The psychological,neurochemical and functional neuroanatomical mediators of the effects of positive and negative mood on executive functions[J]. Neuropsychologia,2007,45(4):617–629 DOI:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.06.030
61 Obschonka M,Silbereisen R K,Schmitt-Rodermund E. Entrepreneurial intention as developmental outcome[J]. Journal of Vocational Behavior,2010,77(1):63–72 DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.02.008
63 Rauch A,Frese M. Let’s put the person back into entrepreneurship research:A meta-analysis on the relationship between business owners’ personality traits,business creation,and success[J]. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,2007,16(4):353–385 DOI:10.1080/13594320701595438
64 Roberts J A,Hann I H,Slaughter S A. Understanding the motivations,participation,and performance of open source software developers:A longitudinal study of the apache projects[J]. Management Science,2006,52(7):984–999 DOI:10.1287/mnsc.1060.0554
66 Shane S. Reflections on the 2010 AMR decade award:Delivering on the promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research[J]. Academy of Management Review,2012,37(1):10–20 DOI:10.5465/amr.2011.0078
67 Stagner R. Homeostasis as a unifying concept in personality theory[J]. Psychological Review,1951,58(1):5–17 DOI:10.1037/h0063598
68 Stewart W H,Roth P L. A meta-analysis of achievement motivation differences between entrepreneurs and managers[J]. Journal of Small Business Management,2007,45(4):401–421 DOI:10.1111/jsbm.2007.45.issue-4
69 Sweetman D,Luthans F,Avey J B,et al. Relationship between positive psychological capital and creative performance[J]. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences,2011,28(1):4–13 DOI:10.1002/cjas.175
71 Wooten K C,Timmerman T A,Robert F. The use of personality and the five-factor model to predict new business ventures:From outplacement to start-up[J]. Journal of Vocational Behavior,1999,54(1):82–101 DOI:10.1006/jvbe.1998.1654
72 Zhao H,Seibert S E,Lumpkin G T. The relationship of personality to entrepreneurial intentions and performance:A meta-analytic review[J]. Journal of Management,2010,36(2):381–404 DOI:10.1177/0149206309335187
73 Zhao H,Seibert S E. The big five personality dimensions and entrepreneurial status:A meta-analytical review[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology,2006,91(2):259–271 DOI:10.1037/0021-9010.91.2.259
引用本文
靳卫东, 刘敬富, 何丽. 创新创业的心理动因：理论机制与经验证据[J]. 上海财经大学学报, 2018, 20(6): 44-62.
导出参考文献，格式为：
