经济增长、收入分配对农村贫困变动的影响
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财经研究 2005 年 第 31 卷第 08 期, 页码：91 - 101
摘要
参考文献
摘要
文章利用了基于Lorenz曲线进行贫困测度及其分解的方法,实证研究了1985~2003年中国农村的贫困变动,以及经济增长和收入分配对贫困变动的影响。结果表明,经济增长使农村居民收入增加,大幅度减少了贫困,但农村居民的收入差距逐渐拉大,收入不平等加剧部分地抵消了经济增长的减贫成效。
①人均GDP及人均收入的迅速增长也部分地归因于人口的低增长,1978~2003年中国人口的年均增长率仅为1.19%。
②本文仅从狭义角度研究农村绝对贫困,为便于年度间的比较,采用固定贫困线,不同年份间运用农村居民消费价格指数进行调整。另外,本文未考虑城市贫困问题,虽然随着20世纪90年代国有企业改革的深化,国企职工下岗引发社会对城市贫困的广泛关注,但迄今为止,无论从所涉及的人数还是从严重性来看,中国的绝对贫困人口仍然主要集中在农村而不是城市。
③具体推导过程可参见Datt和Ravallion(1992)、林伯强(2003)、Dhongde(2004)、魏勇和俞文华(2004)、王雨林和黄祖辉(2005)等。
④实际上,Beta模型和GQ模型本身均已设定Lorenz曲线通过(0,0),(1,1)点。
⑤童星、林闽钢(1994)以及其他一些研究对中国农村绝对贫困标准的测算,与此极为接近。
⑥根据本文测算,2003年农村Gini系数为0.39,考虑到目前中国城乡居民收入的巨大差距,全国的Gini系数应该已经超过了0.4的国际警戒线水平。
[1]Aitchison J,Brown J A C.The lognormal distribution[M].Cambridge University Press,1963.
[2] Balisacan, Arsenio M.Poverty and inequality [ C ].Arsenio M.Balisacan, Hal Hill,eds.The Philippine economy:Development,policies,and challenges[A].New York:Ox-ford University Press,2003.
[3]Balisacan,Arsenio M.Averting hunger and food insecurity in Asia[J].Paper presented at theRegional Workshop on Policy Issues and Options to Avert Hunger and Food Insecurity in A-sia (organized by FAO and SEARCA),Cha-am,Thailand,March 2004:25~26.
[4]Balisacan Arsenio M, Nobuhiko Fuwa.Growth, inequality, and politics revisited: A de-veloping-country case[J].Economics Letters,2003,79:53~58.
[5]Besley T R Burgess.Halving global poverty[J].Journal of Economic Perspective,2003,17:3~22.
[6] Bhalla S.Imagine there is no country: Globalization and its consequences for poverty[R].working paper,2001.
[7]Birdsall Nancy Ross D,Sabot R.Inequality and growth reconsidered:Lessons from EastAsia[J].World Bank Economic Review,1995,9(3):477~508.
[8] Bourguignon Francois.The pace of economic growth and poverty reduction[R].Paperpresented at LACEA 2001 Conference,2001.
[9]Datt G,M Ravallion.Growth and redistribution components of changes in poverty meas-ures:A decomposition with applications to Brazil and India in the 1980s[ J].Journal ofDevelopment Economics,1992,38:275~295.
[10]Datt G,M Ravallion.Is India’s economic growth leaving the poor behind[J].The Jour-nal of Economic Perspectives,2002,(3):89~108.
[11]Deaton A,J Dreze.Poverty and inequality in India:A reexamination[J].Economic andPolitical Weekly,2002,September 7:3729~3748.
[12]Dhongde S.Measuring the impact of growth and income distribution on poverty in Indi-a[R].working paper,2004.
[13]Dollar D, A Kraay.Growth is good for the poor [ J].Journal of Economic Growth,2002,7(3):195~225.
[14] Ferreira Francisco, Ricardo Paes de Barros.Climbing a moving mountain: Explainingthe decline of income inequality in Brazil from 1976 to 1996[R].Inter-American Devel-opment Bank mimeo,1998.
[15]Foster J,Greer J,Thorbecke E.A cass of dcomposable pverty masures [J].Economet-rica,1984.52:761~766.
[16]Jain L, S Tendulkar.Role of growth and distribution in the observed change of theheadcount ratio measure of poverty:A decomposition exercise for India[R].TechnicalReport,No.9004,Indian Statistical Institute,Delhi,1990.
[17]Kakwani N.On a class of poverty measures[J].Econometrica,1980,48,(2):437~446.
[18]Kakwani N, K Subbarao.Rural poverty and its alleviation in India[ J].Economic andPolitical Weekly,1990,March 31,A2~A16.
[19]Kakwani N,E Pernia.What is pro-poor growth[J].Asian Development Review,2000,16(1):1~22.
[20]Ravallion M.Huppi M.Measuring changes in poverty:A methodological case study of Indo-nesia during an adjustment period[J].World Bank Economic Review,1991,5:57~84.
[21]Ravallion M.Growth,inequality and poverty:Looking beyond averages[M].World De-velopment,29:1803~1815.
[22]Villasenor J,B C Arnold.The general quadratic Lorenz curve[R].Technical report,Co-legio de Postgraduados,Mexico City.Photocopy,1984.
[23]Villasenor J,B C Arnold.Elliptical lorenz curves[J].Journal of Econometrics,1989,40(2):327~338.
[24] World Bank.World development report: Poverty [ M].New York: Oxford UniversityPress,1990.
[25]World Bank.World development report:Attacking poverty[M].New York:Oxford U-niversity Press,2000.
[26]林伯强.中国的经济增长、贫困减少与政策选择[J].经济研究,2003,(12):15~25,90.
[27]李实,古斯塔夫森.八十年代末中国贫困规模和程度的估计[ J].中国社会科学,1996,(6):29~44.
[28]人民日报评论员.为消除贫困不懈努力[N].人民日报,2004-10-18,(2).
[29]王雨林,黄祖辉.影响转型期中国农村贫困率指标的因素的分解研究[J].中国人口科学,2005,(1):50~58.
[30]童星,林闽钢.我国农村贫困标准线研究[J].中国社会科学,1994,(3):86~98.
[31]巫宁耕,史举.发展中国家反贫困问题的思考[J].经济学家,1999,(3):94~98.
[32]魏勇,俞文华.中国转轨时期居民收入差距、贫困与增长问题的研究[J].经济科学,2004,(1):5~16.
[33]朱玲.转型国家贫困问题的政治经济学讨论[J].管理世界,1998,(6):80~90.
②本文仅从狭义角度研究农村绝对贫困,为便于年度间的比较,采用固定贫困线,不同年份间运用农村居民消费价格指数进行调整。另外,本文未考虑城市贫困问题,虽然随着20世纪90年代国有企业改革的深化,国企职工下岗引发社会对城市贫困的广泛关注,但迄今为止,无论从所涉及的人数还是从严重性来看,中国的绝对贫困人口仍然主要集中在农村而不是城市。
③具体推导过程可参见Datt和Ravallion(1992)、林伯强(2003)、Dhongde(2004)、魏勇和俞文华(2004)、王雨林和黄祖辉(2005)等。
④实际上,Beta模型和GQ模型本身均已设定Lorenz曲线通过(0,0),(1,1)点。
⑤童星、林闽钢(1994)以及其他一些研究对中国农村绝对贫困标准的测算,与此极为接近。
⑥根据本文测算,2003年农村Gini系数为0.39,考虑到目前中国城乡居民收入的巨大差距,全国的Gini系数应该已经超过了0.4的国际警戒线水平。
[1]Aitchison J,Brown J A C.The lognormal distribution[M].Cambridge University Press,1963.
[2] Balisacan, Arsenio M.Poverty and inequality [ C ].Arsenio M.Balisacan, Hal Hill,eds.The Philippine economy:Development,policies,and challenges[A].New York:Ox-ford University Press,2003.
[3]Balisacan,Arsenio M.Averting hunger and food insecurity in Asia[J].Paper presented at theRegional Workshop on Policy Issues and Options to Avert Hunger and Food Insecurity in A-sia (organized by FAO and SEARCA),Cha-am,Thailand,March 2004:25~26.
[4]Balisacan Arsenio M, Nobuhiko Fuwa.Growth, inequality, and politics revisited: A de-veloping-country case[J].Economics Letters,2003,79:53~58.
[5]Besley T R Burgess.Halving global poverty[J].Journal of Economic Perspective,2003,17:3~22.
[6] Bhalla S.Imagine there is no country: Globalization and its consequences for poverty[R].working paper,2001.
[7]Birdsall Nancy Ross D,Sabot R.Inequality and growth reconsidered:Lessons from EastAsia[J].World Bank Economic Review,1995,9(3):477~508.
[8] Bourguignon Francois.The pace of economic growth and poverty reduction[R].Paperpresented at LACEA 2001 Conference,2001.
[9]Datt G,M Ravallion.Growth and redistribution components of changes in poverty meas-ures:A decomposition with applications to Brazil and India in the 1980s[ J].Journal ofDevelopment Economics,1992,38:275~295.
[10]Datt G,M Ravallion.Is India’s economic growth leaving the poor behind[J].The Jour-nal of Economic Perspectives,2002,(3):89~108.
[11]Deaton A,J Dreze.Poverty and inequality in India:A reexamination[J].Economic andPolitical Weekly,2002,September 7:3729~3748.
[12]Dhongde S.Measuring the impact of growth and income distribution on poverty in Indi-a[R].working paper,2004.
[13]Dollar D, A Kraay.Growth is good for the poor [ J].Journal of Economic Growth,2002,7(3):195~225.
[14] Ferreira Francisco, Ricardo Paes de Barros.Climbing a moving mountain: Explainingthe decline of income inequality in Brazil from 1976 to 1996[R].Inter-American Devel-opment Bank mimeo,1998.
[15]Foster J,Greer J,Thorbecke E.A cass of dcomposable pverty masures [J].Economet-rica,1984.52:761~766.
[16]Jain L, S Tendulkar.Role of growth and distribution in the observed change of theheadcount ratio measure of poverty:A decomposition exercise for India[R].TechnicalReport,No.9004,Indian Statistical Institute,Delhi,1990.
[17]Kakwani N.On a class of poverty measures[J].Econometrica,1980,48,(2):437~446.
[18]Kakwani N, K Subbarao.Rural poverty and its alleviation in India[ J].Economic andPolitical Weekly,1990,March 31,A2~A16.
[19]Kakwani N,E Pernia.What is pro-poor growth[J].Asian Development Review,2000,16(1):1~22.
[20]Ravallion M.Huppi M.Measuring changes in poverty:A methodological case study of Indo-nesia during an adjustment period[J].World Bank Economic Review,1991,5:57~84.
[21]Ravallion M.Growth,inequality and poverty:Looking beyond averages[M].World De-velopment,29:1803~1815.
[22]Villasenor J,B C Arnold.The general quadratic Lorenz curve[R].Technical report,Co-legio de Postgraduados,Mexico City.Photocopy,1984.
[23]Villasenor J,B C Arnold.Elliptical lorenz curves[J].Journal of Econometrics,1989,40(2):327~338.
[24] World Bank.World development report: Poverty [ M].New York: Oxford UniversityPress,1990.
[25]World Bank.World development report:Attacking poverty[M].New York:Oxford U-niversity Press,2000.
[26]林伯强.中国的经济增长、贫困减少与政策选择[J].经济研究,2003,(12):15~25,90.
[27]李实,古斯塔夫森.八十年代末中国贫困规模和程度的估计[ J].中国社会科学,1996,(6):29~44.
[28]人民日报评论员.为消除贫困不懈努力[N].人民日报,2004-10-18,(2).
[29]王雨林,黄祖辉.影响转型期中国农村贫困率指标的因素的分解研究[J].中国人口科学,2005,(1):50~58.
[30]童星,林闽钢.我国农村贫困标准线研究[J].中国社会科学,1994,(3):86~98.
[31]巫宁耕,史举.发展中国家反贫困问题的思考[J].经济学家,1999,(3):94~98.
[32]魏勇,俞文华.中国转轨时期居民收入差距、贫困与增长问题的研究[J].经济科学,2004,(1):5~16.
[33]朱玲.转型国家贫困问题的政治经济学讨论[J].管理世界,1998,(6):80~90.
引用本文
胡兵, 胡宝娣, 赖景生. 经济增长、收入分配对农村贫困变动的影响[J]. 财经研究, 2005, 31(8): 91–101.
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