61 
60出于抵御对手模仿和企业自身组织学习等目的，企业可能主动、自愿且有选择地对外进行知识披露，亦即所谓的战略性知识披露。本文旨在揭示知识的“嵌入性”对企业知识披露的保护作用，以及相应的调节因素的影响，并通过医药行业专利数据进行了实证研究。研究结果表明：企业披露行为在一定程度上受到知识嵌入性的保护。知识内部嵌入性体现企业内部知识要素的相互依赖，外部嵌入性体现企业内部知识与外部知识要素的相互依赖。内部嵌入性的保护作用会被相应知识发明人的关系资本所强化，亦即知识发明人网络能够放大知识内部网络的嵌入性保护功能。与之相反，企业在联盟合作网络中的关系资本则弱化了外部嵌入性对知识披露的保护作用。
披露还是隐藏？知识嵌入性对企业知识披露的保护作用
摘要
参考文献
4 王克敏, 王华杰, 李栋栋, 等. 年报文本信息复杂性与管理者自利——来自中国上市公司的证据[J]. 管理世界, 2018, 34(12): 120-132. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-5502.2018.12.011
6 余义勇, 杨忠. 战略性知识披露的内涵、研究议题与展望[J]. 南开管理评论, 2022, 25(6): 214-224. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1008-3448.2022.06.021
7 Alexy O, George G, Salter A J. Cui bono? The selective revealing of knowledge and its implications for innovative activity[J]. Academy of Management Review, 2013, 38(2): 270-291. DOI:10.5465/amr.2011.0193
8 Almeida P, Hohberger J, Parada P. Individual scientific collaborations and firm-level innovation[J]. Industrial and Corporate Change, 2011, 20(6): 1571-1599. DOI:10.1093/icc/dtr030
9 Alnuaimi T, George G. Appropriability and the retrieval of knowledge after spillovers[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2016, 37(7): 1263-1279. DOI:10.1002/smj.2383
10 Anderson P, Tushman M L. Technological discontinuities and dominant designs: A cyclical model of technological change[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1990, 35(4): 604-633. DOI:10.2307/2393511
11 Awate K S, Makhija M. A Trojan Horse inside the gates? Knowledge spillovers during patent litigation[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2022, 65(5): 1747-1769. DOI:10.5465/amj.2018.1181
12 Bar-Gill O, Parchomovsky G. The value of giving away secrets[J]. Virginia Law Review, 2003, 89(8): 1857-1895. DOI:10.2307/3202368
13 Berman S L, Down J, Hill C W L. Tacit knowledge as a source of competitive advantage in the National Basketball Association[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2002, 45(1): 13-31. DOI:10.2307/3069282
14 Bhaskarabhatla A, Pennings E. Defensive disclosure of patentable inventions under antitrust enforcement[J]. Industry and Innovation, 2014, 21(7-8): 533-552. DOI:10.1080/13662716.2014.987452
15 Courtis J K. Corporate report obfuscation: Artefact or phenomenon?[J]. The British Accounting Review, 2004, 36(3): 291-312. DOI:10.1016/j.bar.2004.03.005
16 Desai R, Conant L L, Waldron E, et al. FMRI of past tense processing: The effects of phonological complexity and task difficulty[J]. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2006, 18(2): 278-297. DOI:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.2.278
17 Dyer J H, Singh H. The relational view: Cooperative strategy and sources of interorganizational competitive advantage[J]. The Academy of Management Review, 1998, 23(4): 660-679. DOI:10.2307/259056
18 Ethiraj S K, Levinthal D. Bounded rationality and the search for organizational architecture: An evolutionary perspective on the design of organizations and their evolvability[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 2004, 49(3): 404-437. DOI:10.2307/4131441
19 Fabrizio K R, Kim E H. Reluctant disclosure and transparency: Evidence from environmental disclosures[J]. Organization Science, 2019, 30(6): 1207-1231. DOI:10.1287/orsc.2019.1298
20 Fleming L, Mingo S, Chen D. Collaborative brokerage, generative creativity, and creative success[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 2007, 52(3): 443-475. DOI:10.2189/asqu.52.3.443
21 Gore C, Gore E. Knowledge management: The way forward[J]. Total Quality Management, 1999, 10(4-5): 554-560. DOI:10.1080/0954412997523
22 Grant R M. Toward a knowledge‐based theory of the firm[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 1996, 17(S2): 109-122.
23 Grigoriou K, Rothaermel F T. Organizing for knowledge generation: Internal knowledge networks and the contingent effect of external knowledge sourcing[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2017, 38(2): 395-414. DOI:10.1002/smj.2489
24 Gulati R. Alliances and networks[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 1998, 19(4): 293-317. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199804)19:4<293::AID-SMJ982>3.0.CO;2-M
25 Gunning R. The fog index after twenty years[J]. International Journal of Business Communication, 1969, 6(2): 3-13. DOI:10.1177/002194366900600202
26 Henderson R, Cockburn I. Measuring competence? Exploring firm effects in pharmaceutical research[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 1994, 15(S1): 63-84. DOI:10.1002/smj.4250150906
27 Henkel J. Selective revealing in open innovation processes: The case of embedded Linux[J]. Research Policy, 2006, 35(7): 953-969. DOI:10.1016/j.respol.2006.04.010
28 Hillman A J, Withers M C, Collins B J. Resource dependence theory: A review[J]. Journal of Management, 2009, 35(6): 1404-1427. DOI:10.1177/0149206309343469
29 Inkpen A C, Tsang E W K. Social capital, networks, and knowledge transfer[J]. Academy of Management Review, 2005, 30(1): 146-165. DOI:10.5465/amr.2005.15281445
30 Jeppesen L B, Lakhani K R. Marginality and problem-solving effectiveness in broadcast search[J]. Organization Science, 2010, 21(5): 1016-1033. DOI:10.1287/orsc.1090.0491
31 Kale P, Dyer J H, Singh H. Alliance capability, stock market response, and long‐term alliance success: The role of the alliance function[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2002, 23(8): 747-767. DOI:10.1002/smj.248
32 Kale P, Singh H, Perlmutter H. Learning and protection of proprietary assets in strategic alliances: Building relational capital[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2000, 21(3): 217-237. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(200003)21:3<217::AID-SMJ95>3.0.CO;2-Y
33 Khanna R, Guler I, Nerkar A. Entangled decisions: Knowledge interdependencies and terminations of patented inventions in the pharmaceutical industry[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2018, 39(9): 2439-2465. DOI:10.1002/smj.2923
34 Khurana R N, Lee P P, Challa P. Readability of ocular medication inserts[J]. Journal of Glaucoma, 2003, 12(1): 50-53. DOI:10.1097/00061198-200302000-00010
35 Kogut B, Zander U. Knowledge of the firm, combinative capabilities, and the replication of technology[J]. Organization Science, 1992, 3(3): 383-397. DOI:10.1287/orsc.3.3.383
36 Kogut B, Zander U. What firms do? Coordination, identity, and learning[J]. Organization Science, 1996, 7(5): 502-518. DOI:10.1287/orsc.7.5.502
37 Li F. Annual report readability, current earnings, and earnings persistence[J]. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 2008, 45(2-3): 221-247. DOI:10.1016/j.jacceco.2008.02.003
38 Milgrom P, Roberts J. Complementarities and fit strategy, structure, and organizational change in manufacturing[J]. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 1995, 19(2-3): 179-208. DOI:10.1016/0165-4101(94)00382-F
39 Nahapiet J, Ghoshal S. Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage[J]. The Academy of Management Review, 1998, 23(2): 242-266. DOI:10.2307/259373
40 Nonaka I. A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation[J]. Organization Science, 1994, 5(1): 14-37. DOI:10.1287/orsc.5.1.14
41 Nonaka I, Von Krogh G. Perspective—Tacit knowledge and knowledge conversion: Controversy and advancement in organizational knowledge creation theory[J]. Organization Science, 2009, 20(3): 635-652. DOI:10.1287/orsc.1080.0412
42 Polidoro Jr F. The competitive implications of certifications: The effects of scientific and regulatory certifications on entries into new technical fields[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2013, 56(2): 597-627. DOI:10.5465/amj.2011.0459
43 Polidoro Jr F, Theeke M. Getting competition down to a science: The effects of technological competition on firms' scientific publications[J]. Organization Science, 2012, 23(4): 1135-1153. DOI:10.1287/orsc.1110.0684
44 Polidoro Jr F, Toh P K. Letting rivals come close or warding them off? The effects of substitution threat on imitation deterrence[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2011, 54(2): 369-392. DOI:10.5465/amj.2011.60263099
45 Rosenkopf L, Nerkar A. Beyond local search: Boundary‐spanning, exploration, and impact in the optical disk industry[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2001, 22(4): 287-306. DOI:10.1002/smj.160
46 Rotolo D, Camerani R, Grassano N, et al. Why do firms publish? A systematic literature review and a conceptual framework[J]. Research Policy, 2022, 51(10): 104606. DOI:10.1016/j.respol.2022.104606
47 Savino T, Petruzzelli A M, Albino V. Search and recombination process to innovate: a review of the empirical evidence and a research agenda[J]. International Journal of Management Reviews, 2017, 19(1): 54-75. DOI:10.1111/ijmr.12081
48 Schillebeeckx S J D, Lin Y M, George G, et al. Knowledge recombination and inventor networks: The asymmetric effects of embeddedness on knowledge reuse and impact[J]. Journal of Management, 2021, 47(4): 838-866. DOI:10.1177/0149206320906865
49 Shah A K, Oppenheimer D M. Easy does it: The role of fluency in cue weighting[J]. Judgment and Decision Making, 2007, 2(6): 371-379.
50 Simeth M, Lhuillery S. How do firms develop capabilities for scientific disclosure?[J]. Research Policy, 2015, 44(7): 1283-1295. DOI:10.1016/j.respol.2015.04.005
51 Singh J, Agrawal A. Recruiting for ideas: How firms exploit the prior inventions of new hires[J]. Management Science, 2011, 57(1): 129-150. DOI:10.1287/mnsc.1100.1253
52 Somaya D. Strategic determinants of decisions not to settle patent litigation[J]. Strategic Management Journal, 2003, 24(1): 17-38. DOI:10.1002/smj.281
53 Stam W, Elfring T. Entrepreneurial orientation and new venture performance: The moderating role of intra-and extraindustry social capital[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2008, 51(1): 97-111. DOI:10.5465/amj.2008.30744031
54 Teece D J. Profiting from technological innovation: Implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy[J]. Research Policy, 1986, 15(6): 285-305. DOI:10.1016/0048-7333(86)90027-2
55 Teece D J. Reflections on “profiting from innovation”[J]. Research Policy, 2006, 35(8): 1131-1146. DOI:10.1016/j.respol.2006.09.009
56 Ulrich K. The role of product architecture in the manufacturing firm[J]. Research Policy, 1995, 24(3): 419-440. DOI:10.1016/0048-7333(94)00775-3
57 Wadhwa A, Freitas I M B, Sarkar M B. The paradox of openness and value protection strategies: Effect of extramural R&D on innovative performance[J]. Organization Science, 2017, 28(5): 873-893. DOI:10.1287/orsc.2017.1145
58 Wang C L, Rodan S, Fruin M, et al. Knowledge networks, collaboration networks, and exploratory innovation[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2014, 57(2): 484-514. DOI:10.5465/amj.2011.0917
59 Wright M, Tartari V, Huang K G, et al. Knowledge worker mobility in context: Pushing the boundaries of theory and methods[J]. Journal of Management Studies, 2018, 55(1): 1-26. DOI:10.1111/joms.12316
60 Yang H Y, Phelps C, Steensma H K. Learning from what others have learned from you: The effects of knowledge spillovers on originating firms[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 2010, 53(2): 371-389. DOI:10.5465/amj.2010.49389018
61 Yang H Y, Steensma H K. When do firms rely on their knowledge spillover recipients for guidance in exploring unfamiliar knowledge?[J]. Research Policy, 2014, 43(9): 1496-1507. DOI:10.1016/j.respol.2014.04.016
62 Yayavaram S, Ahuja G. Decomposability in knowledge structures and its impact on the usefulness of inventions and knowledge-base malleability[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly, 2008, 53(2): 333-362. DOI:10.2189/asqu.53.2.333
63 Zucker L G, Darby M R, Armstrong J S. Commercializing knowledge: University science, knowledge capture, and firm performance in biotechnology[J]. Management Science, 2002, 48(1): 138-153. DOI:10.1287/mnsc.48.1.138.14274
引用本文
苏孟玥, 马浩. 披露还是隐藏？知识嵌入性对企业知识披露的保护作用[J]. 外国经济与管理, 2024, 46(12): 3-19.
导出参考文献，格式为：
上一篇：技术转移价值创造研究综述与展望
