1305 
915在整个人类文明的演变进程中，时间扮演着重要的角色，然而其无形、流动且抽象的属性使得准确认识时间成为诸多学科的共识难题。时间标志作为划分时间区间的新兴概念，近些年对其效应的探索逐渐引起国内外学者的广泛关注，相应的研究结论也分别在微观与宏观层面对个人及社会产生重要影响。本文通过回顾心理学及营销学范畴内与时间标志相关的国内外研究，明确了时间标志的概念起源与内涵、类别划分与实证操纵方式；梳理了现有研究涉及的时间标志效应，且在此基础上总结归纳了三类与自我意识相关的心理过程对时间标志效应的解释框架及相关后效；进一步剖析了未来的研究方向，以期推动学界的时间标志研究和业界相关实践的发展。
时间标志及其效应：研究述评与展望
摘要
参考文献
2 陈欢, 王妍苏, 庞隽, 等. 开端时间标志对高唤醒产品偏好的影响机制[J]. 营销科学学报, 2019, 15(3): 1-20.
7 李爱梅, 颜亮, 王笑天, 等. 时间压力的双刃效应及其作用机制[J]. 心理科学进展, 2015, 23(9): 1627-1636.
8 李雁晨, 周庭锐, 周琇. 解释水平理论: 从时间距离到心理距离[J]. 心理科学进展, 2009, 17(4): 667-677.
11 刘拥华. 自我的时间过程: 米德的视角[J]. 社会科学, 2022, (2): 11-23. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0257-5833.2022.2.shkx202202002
16 尚子琦, 庞隽, 刘晓梅. 时间标志对消费者的积极幻想及风险型新产品偏好的影响[J]. 营销科学学报, 2017, 13(2): 39-55.
17 尚子琦, 庞隽, 刘晓梅. 时间标志对消费者产品偏好的影响[J]. 管理评论, 2021, 33(10): 145-158.
21 Albert S. Temporal comparison theory[J]. Psychological Review, 1977, 84(6): 485-503. DOI:10.1037/0033-295X.84.6.485
22 Alter A L, Hershfield H E. People search for meaning when they approach a new decade in chronological age[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014, 111(48): 17066-17070.
23 Bi S, Pang J. A trip to your past: The effect of ending on preference for nostalgic products[R]. Association for Consumer Research North American Conference, Berlin, Germany, 2016.
24 Bi S, Perkins A, Sprott D. The effect of start/end temporal landmarks on consumers’ visual attention and judgments[J]. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 2021, 38(1): 136-154. DOI:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2020.04.007
25 Calabresi R, Cohen J. Personality and time attitudes[J]. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1968, 73(5): 431-439. DOI:10.1037/h0026196
26 Cantor N, Norem J K, Niedenthal P M, et al. Life tasks, self-concept ideals, and cognitive strategies in a life transition[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1987, 53(6): 1178-1191. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.53.6.1178
27 Carstensen L L, Isaacowitz D M, Charles S T. Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity[J]. American Psychologist, 1999, 54(3): 165-181. DOI:10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.165
28 Chen S Y, Sun Z Y, Zhou H Y, et al. Simple or complex: How temporal landmarks shape consumer preference for food packages[J]. Food Quality and Preference, 2023, 104: 104734. DOI:10.1016/j.foodqual.2022.104734
29 Cherchye L, De Rock B, Griffith R, et al. A new year, a new you? Heterogeneity and self-control in food purchases[J]. Social Science Electronic Publishing, 2017, doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3092529.
30 Couclelis H, Golledge R G, Gale N, et al. Exploring the anchor-point hypothesis of spatial cognition[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 1987, 7(2): 99-122. DOI:10.1016/S0272-4944(87)80020-8
31 Dai H C, Li C. How experiencing and anticipating temporal landmarks influence motivation[J]. Current Opinion in Psychology, 2019, 26: 44-48. DOI:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.04.012
32 Dai H C, Milkman K L, Riis J. The fresh start effect: Temporal landmarks motivate aspirational behavior[J]. Management Science, 2014, 60(10): 2563-2582. DOI:10.1287/mnsc.2014.1901
33 Dai H C, Milkman K L, Riis J. Put your imperfections behind you: Temporal landmarks spur goal initiation when they signal new beginnings[J]. Psychological Science, 2015, 26(12): 1927-1936. DOI:10.1177/0956797615605818
34 Dicks B. Heritage, place, and community[M]. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2000.
35 Donnelly K, Compiani G, Evers E R K. Time periods feel longer when they span more category boundaries: Evidence from the lab and the field[J]. Journal of Marketing Research, 2022, 59(4): 821-839. DOI:10.1177/00222437211073810
36 Duval S, Wicklund R A. A theory of objective self awareness[M]. New York: Academic Press, 1972.
37 Ersner-Hershfield H, Garton M T, Ballard K, et al. Don’t stop thinking about tomorrow: Individual differences in future self-continuity account for saving[J]. Judgment and Decision making, 2009, 4(4): 280-286. DOI:10.1017/S1930297500003855
38 Ferguson E L, Hegarty M. Properties of cognitive maps constructed from texts[J]. Memory & Cognition, 1994, 22(4): 455-473.
39 Festinger L. A theory of social comparison processes[J]. Human Relations, 1954, 7(2): 117-140. DOI:10.1177/001872675400700202
40 Fingerman K L, Perlmutter M. Future time perspective and life events across adulthood[J]. The Journal of General Psychology, 1995, 122(1): 95-111. DOI:10.1080/00221309.1995.9921225
41 Gilovich T, Kerr M, Medvec V H. Effect of temporal perspective on subjective confidence[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1993, 64(4): 552-560. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.64.4.552
42 Hart W, Tortoriello G K, Richardson K. Profiling public and private self-consciousness on self-presentation tactic use[J]. Personality and Individual Differences, 2019, 147: 53-57. DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2019.04.010
43 Holman E A, Silver R C. Getting “stuck” in the past: Temporal orientation and coping with trauma[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1998, 74(5): 1146-1163. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1146
44 Hornik J. Subjective vs. objective time measures: A note on the perception of time in consumer behavior[J]. Journal of Consumer Research, 1984, 11(1): 615-618. DOI:10.1086/208998
45 Jason L A, Schade J, Furo L, et al. Time orientation: Past, present, and future perceptions[J]. Psychological Reports, 1989, 64(S3): 1199-1205.
46 Kanfer R, Ackerman P L. Motivation and cognitive abilities: An integrative/aptitude-treatment interaction approach to skill acquisition[J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1989, 74(4): 657-690. DOI:10.1037/0021-9010.74.4.657
47 Kaniasty K, Norris F H. Mobilization and deterioration of social support following natural disasters[J]. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1995, 4(3): 94-98. DOI:10.1111/1467-8721.ep10772341
48 Kling K C, Ryff C D, Essex M J. Adaptive changes in the self-concept during a life transition[J]. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1997, 23(9): 981-990. DOI:10.1177/0146167297239008
49 Kocher M G, Sutter M. Time is money—Time pressure, incentives, and the quality of decision-making[J]. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 2006, 61(3): 375-392.
50 Koo M, Dai H C, Mai K M, et al. Anticipated temporal landmarks undermine motivation for continued goal pursuit[J]. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2020, 161: 142-157. DOI:10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.06.002
51 Koo M, Fishbach A. Dynamics of self-regulation: How (un)accomplished goal actions affect motivation[J]. Motivation Science, 2014, 1(S): 73-90. DOI:10.1037/2333-8113.1.S.73
52 Kopp C B. Antecedents of self-regulation: A developmental perspective[J]. Developmental Psychology, 1982, 18(2): 199-214. DOI:10.1037/0012-1649.18.2.199
53 Kouchaki M, Smith I H. The morning morality effect: The influence of time of day on unethical behavior[J]. Psychological Science, 2014, 25(1): 95-102. DOI:10.1177/0956797613498099
54 Kruglanski A W. The psychology of being “right”: The problem of accuracy in social perception and cognition[J]. Psychological Bulletin, 1989, 106(3): 395-409. DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.106.3.395
55 Kurbat M A, Shevell S K, Rips L J. A year’s memories: The calendar effect in autobiographical recall[J]. Memory & Cognition, 1998, 26(3): 532-552.
56 Kvavilashvili L, Mirani J, Schlagman S, et al. Comparing flashbulb memories of September 11 and the death of Princess Diana: Effects of time delays and nationality[J]. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2003, 17(9): 1017-1031. DOI:10.1002/acp.983
57 Le Poidevin R. The experience and perception of time[A]. Zalta E N, Nodelman U, Allen C, et al. Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy[M]. Stanford: Stanford University, 2019.
58 Levin R. A geography of time: The temporal misadventures of a social psychologist, or how every culture keeps time just a little bit differently[M]. New York: Basic Books, 1997.
59 Liberman N, Sagristano M D, Trope Y. The effect of temporal distance on level of mental construal[J]. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2002, 38(6): 523-534. DOI:10.1016/S0022-1031(02)00535-8
60 Lynch K. The image of the city[M]. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1964.
61 Norcross J C, Ratzin A C, Payne D. Ringing in the New Year: The change processes and reported outcomes of resolutions[J]. Addictive Behaviors, 1989, 14(2): 205-212. DOI:10.1016/0306-4603(89)90050-6
62 Oettingen G, Mayer D, Timur Sevincer A, et al. Mental contrasting and goal commitment: The mediating role of energization[J]. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2009, 35(5): 608-622. DOI:10.1177/0146167208330856
63 Parfit D. Reasons and persons[M]. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.
64 Peetz J, Wilson A E. The post-birthday world: Consequences of temporal landmarks for temporal self-appraisal and motivation[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2013, 104(2): 249-266. DOI:10.1037/a0030477
65 Peetz J, Wilson A E. Marking time: Selective use of temporal landmarks as barriers between current and future selves[J]. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2014, 40(1): 44-56. DOI:10.1177/0146167213501559
66 Piferi R L, Jobe R L, Jones W H. Giving to others during national tragedy: The effects of altruistic and egoistic motivations on long-term giving[J]. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 2006, 23(1): 171-184. DOI:10.1177/0265407506060185
67 Pillemer D B, Rhinehart E D, White S H. Memories of life transitions: The first year in college[J]. Human Learning: Journal of Practical Research & Applications, 1986, 5(2): 109-123.
68 Price L L, Coulter R A, Strizhakova Y, et al. The fresh start mindset: Transforming consumers’ lives[J]. Journal of Consumer Research, 2018, 45(1): 21-48. DOI:10.1093/jcr/ucx115
69 Rao L L, Han R, Ren X P, et al. Disadvantage and prosocial behavior: The effects of the Wenchuan earthquake[J]. Evolution and Human Behavior, 2011, 32(1): 63-69. DOI:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.07.002
70 Robinson J A. Temporal reference systems and autobiographical memory[A]. Rubin D C. Autobiographical memory[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
71 Roelofs K, Elzinga B M, Rotteveel M. The effects of stress-induced cortisol responses on approach–avoidance behavior[J]. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2005, 30(7): 665-677. DOI:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.02.008
72 Rojas-Méndez J I, Davies G, Omer O, et al. A time attitude scale for cross cultural research[J]. Journal of Global Marketing, 2002, 15(3-4): 117-147. DOI:10.1300/J042v15n03_06
73 Ryan R M, Frederick C. On energy, personality, and health: Subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well-being[J]. Journal of Personality, 1997, 65(3): 529-565. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00326.x
74 Sadalla E K, Burroughs W J, Staplin L J. Reference points in spatial cognition[J]. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 1980, 6(5): 516-528. DOI:10.1037/0278-7393.6.5.516
75 Shum M S. The role of temporal landmarks in autobiographical memory processes[J]. Psychological Bulletin, 1998, 124(3): 423-442. DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.423
76 Sitonio C, Lechner C, Linder C. Temporal landmarks and firm survival[A]. Frontiers of entrepreneurship research[C]. Annual Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference, University of Tennesse Knoxville, USA, June 2020.
77 Small S A. Age-related memory decline: Current concepts and future directions[J]. Archives of Neurology, 2001, 58(3): 360-364.
78 Trope Y, Liberman N. Temporal construal[J]. Psychological Review, 2003, 110(3): 403-421. DOI:10.1037/0033-295X.110.3.403
79 Tu H Q, Li S, Xu Y L, et al. Rhythmic cilia changes support SCN neuron coherence in circadian clock[J]. Science, 2023, 380(6648): 972-979. DOI:10.1126/science.abm1962
80 Tu Y P, Soman D. The categorization of time and its impact on task initiation[J]. Journal of Consumer Research, 2014, 41(3): 810-822. DOI:10.1086/677840
81 Uzer T, Brown N R. Disruptive individual experiences create lifetime periods: A study of autobiographical memory in persons with spinal cord injury[J]. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2015, 29(5): 768-774. DOI:10.1002/acp.3148
82 Webster D M, Kruglanski A W. Individual differences in need for cognitive closure[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1994, 67(6): 1049-1062. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1049
83 Webster D M, Richter L, Kruglanski A W. On leaping to conclusions when feeling tired: Mental fatigue effects on impressional primacy[J]. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1996, 32(2): 181-195. DOI:10.1006/jesp.1996.0009
84 Wei S, Häubl G. The imminent-end effect: How the approaching end of an experience affects enjoyment[A]. Gneezy A, Griskevicius V, Williams P. NA - advances in consumer research volume 45[C]. Duluth, MN: Association for Consumer Research, 2017.
85 Wilson A E, Ross M. From chump to champ: People’s appraisals of their earlier and present selves[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2001, 80(4): 572-584. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.80.4.572
86 Winet Y K, O’Brien E. Ending on a familiar note: Perceived endings motivate repeat consumption[J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2023, 124(4): 707-734. DOI:10.1037/pspa0000321
87 Ye C X, Zhou H. The influence of time landmarks on consumers’ advertising appeal preferences[J]. Psychology, 2019, 10(4): 560-577. DOI:10.4236/psych.2019.104036
88 Yu Y, Yu H Y, Yang B C. Healthy or tasty: The impact of fresh starts on food preferences[J]. Current Psychology, 2023, 42(29): 25292-25307. DOI:10.1007/s12144-022-03600-2
89 Zakay D, Wooler S. Time pressure, training and decision effectiveness[J]. Ergonomics, 1984, 27(3): 273-284. DOI:10.1080/00140138408963489
90 Zor O, Kim K H, Monga A. Tweets we like aren’t alike: Time of day affects engagement with vice and virtue tweets[J]. Journal of Consumer Research, 2022, 49(3): 473-495. DOI:10.1093/jcr/ucab072
91 Zwartz M, Sharman S J. Using personal landmark events improves judgments about time, but not contents, in autobiographical memory[J]. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2013, 27(3): 286-290. DOI:10.1002/acp.2904
引用本文
尚子琦, 张静, 钟科. 时间标志及其效应：研究述评与展望[J]. 外国经济与管理, 2024, 46(9): 89-105.
导出参考文献，格式为：
