Rural human resource development is not only an important measure of sustainable precise poverty alleviation, but also a critical route to rural comprehensive well-off society in western minority areas. Based on three prefecture-level states in southern Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region,this paper systematically analyzes the effectiveness, influencing factors and countermeasures of rural human resource development in western minority areas. It draws the results as follows: the overall effectiveness of rural human resource development in western minority regions experiences a slowly growth trend, and shifts from low level to medium level after 2009; the effectiveness in terms of rural labor migration and human resources quality improves significantly, but the effectiveness in terms of human resources size and structure adjustment worsens constantly. Individual and family characteristics of farmers (family income, the number of children and the consciousness & behavior of human resource development), rural development conditions (government support, basic education, skills training, cultural environment and opportunities for migrant workers) and rural social security system (labor rights, legal popularization and security order) play an important role in the results of rural human resource development. Through guiding peasants to establish the consciousness of human resource development, western minority regions should place emphasis on soft and hard environment construction of rural human resource development and increasingly perfect institutional guarantee mechanism of human resource development, to improve the results of rural human resource development.