The main defect of the theory of traditional productivity and production relations, represented by the Soviet textbooks, were they are not based on the duality of labor discovered by Marx, and failed to cover the " two kinds of production” including " material production” and " production of human life”, which are called by Marx and Engels as the " social production in their own life”. At the same time, the traditional productivity theory regards the three elements of the micro " labor process” as the elements of social productivity, which cannot be established logically. And the traditional theory of production relations is limited to the three factors such as the ownership of production materials, and therefore fails to cover the complex relations in the production activities（such as the relationship between labor value, competition and monopoly and so on）, and thus fails to explain a series of changes in the Great China’s Reform in production relations. The new definition of productivity is put forward: the social productive force is the natural material process of the social material production system, and it is the ability of people in a society to develop, transform, utilize and maintain the natural and human resources to produce the wealth that meets the needs of human to survival and development. It contains four basic elements: human resources, material production data, science and technology, and mode of connection of factors in the process of production. These four elements constitute a unified organic whole. The productive relations of society are social economical relations realized by social productive forces as the carrier and through the natural material process of productive force system. The narrow sense of production relations is the " material production relationship”, which contains three layers of relations: the " labor value relationship” created by labor of workers, the " economic power relationship” based on the ownership of production data, and the " economic interest relationship” determined by the above two parties. " Generalized production relations” includes the relationship between " material production” and " production of human’s own life”. It is the unity of two parts: the first part is the " material production relationship” composed of the three relations above, and the second part is the " folk custom relationship” of civil society formed by the " population production”.